Table 1.

Nanoparticle-based platforms for RNA delivery

Nanocarriers	Classifications	Advantages	Disadvantages
Lipid-based nanostructures	Liposomes; solid lipid nanoparticles; lipid emulsions	Easy preparation, good biocompatibility and biodegradability	Limited stability, easy leakage of payloads, and rapid clearance
Polymer-based nanomaterials	Natural or naturally derived polymers: chitosan, poly-l-lysine, atelocollagen, etc. Synthetic polymers: PLGA, PEI, PVA, PLA, PEG, etc.	Good biocompatibility and biodegradability for natural or naturally derived polymers, low cost of production, stimulation of drug release, easy modification	Nondegradable for some responsive polymers, dose-dependent toxicity
Inorganic NPs	MSNs, CNTs, QDs, and metal nanoparticles (e.g., iron oxide and gold nanoparticles)	Easy surface modification, good reproducibility, and easy cell uptake	Non-biodegradability, potential toxicity
Bio-inspired nano-vehicles	DNA-based nanostructures, exosome-mimetic nanovesicles, red blood cell member-based ghosts	Good biodegradability, low toxicity, strong targeting and low immune induction	High cost, stability concern