Table 2.
Summary of siRNA-based nanotherapeutics for tumor immunotherapy
| Cells | Nanocarriers | Targeted gene | Immunological effects | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tumor cells | PCL-PEG/PCL-PEI | PD-L1 | Checkpoint blockade | 78 |
| FA-PEI polymers | PD-L1 | Checkpoint blockade | 79 | |
| Acidity-Responsive Micelleplex | PD-L1 | Checkpoint blockade | 80 | |
| Acid-activatable micelleplex (PDPA based) | PD-L1 | Checkpoint blockade | 81 | |
| Au-CGKRK nanoconjugates | PD-L1, STAT3 | Anti-proliferation and checkpoint blockade | 82 | |
| Liposome-protamine-hyaluronic acid NPs | TGF-β | Decrease TGF-β and enhance the antigen-specific immune response | 83 | |
| ROS-responsive NPs | TGF-β | Modify the immunosuppress microenvironment | 84 | |
| HA-coated liposome | CD47 | Decrease immune escape of tumor cells | 85 | |
| Glutamine-functionalized branched polyethyleneimine | CD47 | Induce evasion of phagocytic clearance | 86 | |
| Chitosan lactate | CD-73 | Attenuate the immunosuppressive microenvironment of the tumor | 87 | |
| The extracellular vesicles (EVs) | β-catenin | Combo therapy with ICB | 88 | |
| T cells | Lipid-coated calcium phosphate (LCP) | PD-1 | Checkpoint blockade | 89 |
| PEG-PLA | CTLA-4 | Checkpoint blockade | 90 | |
| TAMs | Gold NPs | TNF-α | Silence pro-inflammatory cytokines | 91 |
| Gold NPs | VEGF | Reduce the recruitment of inflammatory TAMs | 92 | |
| Peptides NPs | CSF-1R | Elimination of M2-like TAMs | 93 | |
| DCs | Gold nanorods or GNRs-PEI |
IDO | Promote DCs maturation, and increase secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines | 94, 95 |
| Cationic lipid NPs | PD-L1, PD-L2 |
Checkpoint blockade | 96 | |
| PEI based NPs | PD-L1 | Induce immunosuppressive DCs to antigen-presenting cells | 97 | |
| PEI based NPs | IDO | Increase secretion of proinflammatory cytokines | 98 | |
| PEG-PLL-PLLeu polypeptide micelles | STAT3 | Induce DCs maturation and activation, elevate expressions of CD86 and CD40 and IL-12 production | 99 | |
| PLGA NPs | STAT3 | Induce DCs maturation and promote antigen cross-presentation | 100 | |
| Cationic lipid NPs | SOCS1 | Promote production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines | 101 | |
| PLGA NPs | SOCS1 | Enhance the production and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines | 102 | |
| lipid envelope-type NPs | A20 | Enhance production of pro-inflammatory molecules after lipopolysaccharide stimulation | 103 | |
| Others | Lipid/PEG NPs | CCR2 | Prevent monocytes accumulation | 104 |
| PEG/MT/PC NPs | VEGF, PIGF | Anti-proliferation and reverse immune environment | 105 | |
| Chitosan NPs | Galectin-1 | Reduce polarization to M2 TAMs | 106 |