Table 2.
Comparison of Pre- and Post-Test Results Between IG and CG
| Intervention Group (N=20) | Control Group (N=20) | p-value (Group × Time Interaction) | Effect Size | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Post | Δ% | Pre | Post | Δ% | |||
| OLS left [s] | 17.99 ± 7.57 | 23.91 ± 7.04a,b | 32.97 | 21.76 ± 6.77 | 19.92 ± 9.57 | −8.46 | <0.001 | η2=0.354 |
| OLS right [s] | 17.80 ± 7.35 | 23.58 ± 7.17a,b | 32.51 | 21.77 ± 8.10 | 18.79 ± 8.98 | −13.70 | <0.001 | η2=0.306 |
| TUG [s] | 5.83 ± 0.95 | 4.72 ± 0.83a,b | −19.09 | 5.45 ± 1.02 | 5.89 ± 0.96a | 8.23 | <0.001 | η2=0.611 |
| ACT [n] | 15.95 ± 2.93 | 21.50 ± 3.62a,b | 34.80 | 16.80 ± 3.35 | 17.40 ± 3.35 | 3.57 | <0.001 | η2=0.580 |
| CST [n] | 15.55 ± 3.40 | 21.20 ± 3.04a,b | 36.33 | 16.30 ± 3.01 | 16.65 ± 3.54 | 2.15 | <0.001 | η2=0.576 |
| WT [m/s] | 1.46 ± 0.33 | 1.82 ± 0.30a,b | 24.52 | 1.60 ± 0.47 | 1.50 ± 0.42 | −6.19 | <0.001 | η2=0.397 |
| FES-I [score] | 19.60 ±2.85 | 16.60 ± 1.60a,b | −15.31 | 19.45 ± 3.47 | 18.90 ± 2.67 | −2.83 | <0.001 | η2=0.159 |
| BMD [g/cm2] | ||||||||
| Lumbar spine absolute | 0.866 ± 0.112 | 0.873 ± 0.122b | 0.81 | 0.826 ± 0.076 | 0.775 ± 0.154 | −6.27 | 0.064 | η2=0.087 |
| Femoral neck absolute | 0.650 ± 0.065 | 0.663 ± 0.061a | 1.98 | 0.684 ± 0.068 | 0.671 ± 0.050 | −1.86 | 0.073 | η2=0.082 |
Notes: aSignificant differences between pre- and post-test (p<0.05); bSignificant differences between groups (p<0.05); η2=partial eta squared; Data are presented as mean values ± standard deviations of the test measurements before (pre) and after (post) the exercise intervention program; and the percentage of the change between pre- and post-test.
Abbreviations: OLS, one-leg stance; TUG, timed up and go test; ACT, arm curl test; CST, 30-s chair stand test; WT, 6 m walking test; FES-I, Falls Efficacy Scale-International; BMD, bone mineral density.