Figure 2.

(A) General membrane ultrastructure of Gram- and Gram+ bacterial species. (B) Schematic representation of direct physical interaction of the bacterial surface with sharp edges of vertically aligned nanosheets onto a substrate. Antibacterial activities of (C) MoS₂ and (D) MnO₂ nanosheets against E. coli and B. subtilis. (E) SEM images of the B. subtilis bacteria treated with MnO₂ and MnO₂/GO nanomaterials for 3 h in dark. Reproduced with permission from ⁵⁸, copyright 2018 American Chemical Society.