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. 2019 Dec 18;7:341. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00341

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Copyright © 2019 Dey, Brothag and Vijayaraghavan.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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(A–B) Regulation of PP1γ2 activity by I3, SDS22 and I2. (A) I3 and SDS bound PP1γ2 is catalytically inactive. Binding of these inhibitors to PP1γ2 is altered in caudal compared to caput sperm and in sperm from infertile transgenic KO mice (see text). (B) Inhibitor 2, a regulator of PP1γ2, is known to be phosphorylated by GSK3. In caput but not in caudal epididymal sperm I2 is expected to be phosphorylated due to changes in GSK3 activity. This is one of the ways by which catalytic activity of PP1γ2 is thought to decrease during epididymal sperm maturation. (C) Schematic diagram of the proposed interrelationship between GSK3α, PKA Cα2, PP1γ2 and PP2B (PPP3R2/CC) during epididymal sperm maturation and sperm hyperactivation in female reproductive tract. Curved orange arrow(s) indicate relative degree of activities of the enzymes; straight black arrow(s) denote relative level of the ion/protein inside the cell.