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. 2019 Dec 24;9:19753. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56224-1

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Kaplan–Meier plot showing survival of honeybee workers between the different parasite and pesticide treatments. (a) Bee larvae were exposed to 0.025 μg pesticide and infected with 10,000 N. ceranae spore per bee four days after eclosion. (b) Newly eclosed bees were fed with sublethal doses of pesticides (0.645 μg for imagos) and consequently infected with N. ceranae (10,000 spore per bee) when they were 12 days old. Different letters denote significant statistical differences between treatments (log-rank (Mantel cox) paired test, p < 0.005, after Bonferroni correction). C; control, C + N; control + N.ceranae, F; FLU, F + N; FLU + N.ceranae, S; Sivanto, S + N; Sivanto + N.ceranae.