Table 1.
Results from statistical GLM analyses testing effects of Flupyradifurone (Sivanto) exposure on Nosema ceranae infection intensity.
| Source | Type III | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| df | Wald Chi-Square | Sig. | |
| Bees exposed to pesticides during larval treatment | |||
| Intercept | 1 | 1226.85 | <0.001 |
| Colony | 2 | 390.45 | <0.001 |
| Treatment | 2 | 261.16 | <0.001 |
| Colony * Treatment | 4 | 161.23 | <0.001 |
| Bees exposed to pesticides during early adult stage | |||
| Intercept | 1 | 2795.26 | <0.001 |
| Colony | 3 | 437.14 | <0.001 |
| Treatment | 2 | 121.31 | <0.001 |
| Colony * Treatment | 6 | 41.71 | <0.001 |
Exposure to the pesticide resulted in higher N. ceranae intensities compared to non-exposed bees, but a significant colony x treatment interaction term indicated that the bee’s ability of respond to the parasite infections differed between colonies. (see Fig. 3).