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. 2019 Dec 24;9:19733. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56303-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Representative examples of electroencephalography (EEG) findings for epileptic spasms (ES). (A) Ictal EEGs in an average reference montage. Symmetrical ictal high-voltage slow waves (HVSs; left) and asymmetrical ictal HVSs (right). The arrows indicate the main ictal HVSs. The bars represent the durations of visually confirmed motor phenomena. (B) Ictal EEG in Cz reference montage. The main ictal HVS emerges at T4 and is thus contrasted with T3. The wedge indicates the initial negative peak.