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. 2019 Dec 24;9:19814. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56319-9

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Experimental set up and paradigm visual feedback display. (a) Marker placement and general set up for motion capture. Left and right ankle position was recorded in the sagittal plane. (b) We calculated the goal walking pattern and goal cadence from the 2 minutes of baseline walking at 1 m/s. Participants were given 3 minutes of familiarization where the goal ‘target’ line corresponded to their baseline walking. During No Feedback, participants were instructed to walk naturally in rhythm with the metronome but did not receive performance feedback. In Feedback 1–3, participants were instructed to minimize the deviation from the goal target line(s) by altering their walking pattern. The goal target line(s) corresponded to the modified walking pattern. Participants were instructed to walk in rhythm with the metronome during these blocks. Each feedback block was 5 minutes.