Figure 1.

Signaling pathways and therapeutic targets of antiangiogenic and anticancer drugs and agents. VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor; EGF, epidermal growth factor; TGF-β, transforming growth factor-β; PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor; PGF, placental growth factor; HGF/SF, hepatocyte growth factor/scatter factor; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-α; CSF-1, colony-stimulating factor-1; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; TIMPs, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases; S1PR, sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor; NO, nitric oxide; PI3K:,phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PLC, phospholipase C; PKC, protein kinase C; HIF, hypoxia-inducible factor; and m-TOR: mammalian target of rapamycin.