Table 1.
Synthesis of metallic nanoparticles mediated by the bark of woody plants.
| Source of Bark: Scientific Name (Family)—Common Name | NP Type | Size (nm) | Shape | Phytoconstituents Responsible for the Reduction | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acacia leucophloea Roxb. (Fabaceae)—White kabesak | Ag | 17–29 | Spherical | Aldehyde/ketone, aromatic, azo, and nitro compounds | [20] |
| Afzelia quanzensis Welw. (Fabaceae)—Pod mahogany | Ag | 10–80 | Spherical | Phytochemical functional groups (carboxyl, amine) | [21] |
| Albizia chevalieri Harms. (Fabaceae) | Ag | ~30 | Spherical | Alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols | [31] |
| Alstonia scholaris (L.) R.Br. (Apocynaceae)—Devil’s tree | Ag | 50 | FCC | - | [32] |
| Artocarpus elasticus Reinw. (Moraceae)—Benda | Ag | 19.74 ± 9.70 | FCC | Flavonoids, phenols | [33] |
| Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)—Nimtree or Indian lillac | Ag | 19.22 | Spherical | - | [34,35] |
| Berberis lycium Royle. (Berberidaceae) | Ag | 10–100 | Spherical | - | [36] |
| Butea monosperma (Lam.) Laum. (Fabaceae)—Flame-of-the-forest | Ag | 35 | FCC | Carboxylic acid group | [37] |
| Cassia fistula L. (Fabaceae)—Golden tree | Au | 55.2–98.4 | - | Reducing sugars and terpenoids, secondary metabolites, such as lupeol, β-sitosterol, and hexacosanol | [38] |
| Cinnamomum cassia L. J. Presl (Lauraceae)—Chinese cinnamon | Ag | 25–55 | Spherical | Phenol, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, alkyl halides, aromatic groups | [39] |
| Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl (Lauraceae)—True cinnamon | Ag Au |
~11.77 ~46.48 |
Spherical | - | [40] |
| Coccinia grandis L.Voigt (Curcubitaceae)—ivy gourd | Au | 20 | Spherical | - | [41] |
| Cochlospermum religiosum (L.) Alston (Bixaceae)—Silk-cotton tree | Ag | 20–35 | Spherical | Carbohydrate, polyphenols, and protein molecules | [42] |
| Crataeva nurvala Buch.-Ham (Capparaceae)—Varuna | Ag | 15.2 ± 1.01 | spherical | Lupeol, lupenone, hexadecanoic ester, methyl ester | [43] |
| Dillenia indica L. (Dilleniaceae)—Elephant apple | Ag | 15–35 | Spherical | flavonol, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, stigmasterol, glycosides, and sulfates of flavonoid | [44] |
| Diospyros montana Roxb. (Ebenaceae)—Bombay ebony | Ag | 28 | -- | Amides, phenol, nitrogen, and aromatic compounds | [45,46] |
| Elaeodendron croceum Thunb. DC. (Celastraceae)—Saffron wood | Ag | 12.6–41.4 | spherical | Amino acids, proteins, polysaccharides, alkaloids, polyphenols, terpenoids or triterpenes, tannins, saponins, and vitamins | [4,47,48,49] |
| Eucalyptus globulus Labill. (Myrtiaceae)—Southern blue gum | Ag Au |
21 ± 4 52 ± 16 |
FCC | Phenolic compounds, particularly galloyl derivatives, glucose and fructose, hydrolyzable tannins | [19] |
| Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. (Eucommiaceae)—Hardy rubber tree | Au | 15–40 | Spherical FCC | - | [50] |
| Pd | 12.6 | Spherical and quasi-spherical with FCC | Polyphenols, phytosterol, flavonoids, alkaloids, triterpenoids, aminoacids, and proteins | [51] | |
| Eysenhardtia polystachya Ort. Sarg. (Fabaceae)—Kidneywood tree | Ag | 10–12 | Spherical | Arylnaphthalenes, chalcones, flavonoids, and dihydrochalcones | [52] |
| Fagus sylvatica L. (Fagaceae)—Beech | Ag | 32 | spherical | Tannins and polyphenols | [9,11] |
| Ficus benghalensis var. krishnae (Moraceae)—Krishna butter cup | Ag | 15–28 | Spherical | Phenols, flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, proteins, alkaloids, saponins, and vitamines | [53,54] |
|
Ficus benghalensis (Moraceae)—Banyan tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss (Meliaceae)—Nimtree or Indian lilac |
Ag | 40–50 | Spherical | Flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenols | [55] |
| Garcinia mangostana L. (Clusiaceae)—Mangosteen | Ag | 12–15 | Spherical | Polyphenols | [56] |
| Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae)—Bay cedar | Ag Au Ag–Au |
10–15 20–25 10–20 |
Spherical | Tannins | [57] |
| Holarrhena antidysenterica L. (Aponycaceae) Wall.—Tellicherry bark or conessi | Ag | 32 | Spherical | Terpenoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and phenols | [58] |
| Melia azedarach L. (Meliaceae)—Indian lilac | Ag | 30–45 | Spherical | Phenolic compounds | [59,60,61] |
| Ag Ag–Au |
4–30 15–80 |
Spherical, hexagonal, elliptical | Triterpenoids, flavonoids, glycosides steroids, and carbohydrates | [62] | |
| Mimusops elengi L. (Sapotaceae)—Bullet wood | Au | 9–14 | Spherical | Gallic acid, pinocembrin, quercetin, chlorogenic acid | [14] |
| Moringa oleifera Lam. (Moringaceae)—Moringa | Ag | 40 | Spherical, pentagon | Terpenoids, flavonoids, and polysaccharides | [26] |
| Nerium oleander L. (Apocynaceae)—Karabi | Au | 20–40 | Spherical | Flavonoids, steroids, and other secondary metabolites | [63] |
| Picea abies L. (Pinaceae)—Spruce | Ag | 44 | spherical or rarely polygonal | Catechin, vanillic and gallic acids | [10,64] |
| Pinus eldarica (Pinaceae)—Eldarica pine | Ag | 10–40 | Spherical | Catechin, taxifolin, procyanidins, and phenolic acids | [65] |
| Pongamia pinnata (L.) Pierre (Fabaceae)—Karum tree | Ag | 5–55 | Spherical | Phenolic amides, piperine, polysaccharides, and other reducing sugars | [66] |
| Prosopis juliflora Sw.DC. (Fabaceae)—Mesquite | Ag | 10–50 | Spherical | Flavonoids, alkaloids, and other phenolic compounds | [67] |
| Quercus sp. (Fagaceae)—Oak | Ag | - | - | Tannic acid, glucose, gallic acid | [68] |
| Salix alba L. (Salicaceae)—Willow tree | Au | ~15 | Spherical | Tannins, alkanoids, flavonoids | [69] |
| Saraca indica L. (Fabaceae)—Asoka tree | Au | 15–23 | Triangular, polygonal, spherical | Quercetin, epicatechin, catechin, leucopelargoni- din-3-O-p-D-glucoside, gallic acid, leucocyanidin | [28] |
| Salvadora persica L. (Salvadoraceae)—Toothbrush tree | Ag | 50 | Spherical | Tannins, flavonoids, alkaloids, | [23] |
| Shorea roxburghii D. Don (Dipterocarpaceae) | Ag | 4–50 | Spherical | Phenolic compounds | [70] |
| Stereospermum suaveolens Roxb. DC (Bignoniaceae) | Ag Au |
11.11 12.67 |
Spherical | Lignans, polyphenols | [71] |
| Syzygium alternifolium (Wt.) Walp (Myrtiaceae) | Ag | 4–48 | Spherical | Ascorbic acid | [72] |
| Syzygium cumini L. (Myrtiaceae)—Black plum | Ag | 20–60 | Spherical | Phenols, tannins, alkaloids, glycosides, amino acids, and flavones | [73] |
| Syzygium jambos (L.) Alston (Myrtaceae) | Ag Au |
3–10 4–11 |
Spherical, ellipsoidal | Saccharides and phenolics | [29] |
| Terminalia arjuna Wigh and Arn (Combretaceae)—Arjuna tree | Ag | 30–50 | Spherical | Polyphenols and proteins | [74] |
| Au | 3–70 | Spherical, triangular FCC | Catechin, gallic acid, ellagic acid | [30] | |
| Cu | ~23 | Spherical | Polyphenols (flavonoids), terpenoids, ketones, aldehydes | [75] | |
| Cu–Ag | ~20–30 | Spherical | Polyphenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, and reducing sugars | [17] | |
| Terminalia cuneata Roth. (Combretaceae)—White murdah | Ag | 20–50 | Spherical | Hydrolyzable tannins, gallic acid, polyphenols | [76] |
| Toxicodendron vernicifluum (Stokes) F. Barkley (Anacardiaceae)—Chinese Lacquer tree | Ag | 2–40 | Spherical, oval | Amine, amide, phenolic, and alcoholic aromatics | [27] |
| Zizyphus xylopyrus Retz. Willd (Rhamnaceae)—Kath ber | Ag | 60–70 | Spherical | - | [77] |
Note: Ag—silver nanoparticles; Au—gold nanoparticles; Ag–Au—combination between silver and gold nanoparticles; Cu—copper nanoparticles; Pd—palladium nanoparticles; FCC—face-centered-cubic structure.