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. 2019 Dec 10;8(4):e13871. doi: 10.2196/13871

Table 1.

Results for analysis sample demographics and adjusted hazard ratios.

Study covariate Total (N=4352), n (%) White race (n=3847), n (%) Black race (n=505), n (%) P value Adjusted hazard ratioa (95% CI)
Gender <.01 1.32 (1.120-1.56)

Male 3565 (81.92) 3139 (81.60) 426 (84.4)


Female 787 (18.08) 708 (18.40) 79 (15.6)

Nativity .21 1.17 (0.91-1.50)

American 4187 (96.21) 3702 (96.23) 485 (96.0)


Other 165 (3.79) 145 (3.77) 20 (4.0)

Vital status b

Dead 1335 (30.68) 1235 (32.10) 100 (19.8)


Alive 3017 (69.32) 2612 (67.90) 405 (80.2)

Cause of death <.01 1.00 (1.00-1.01)

Cardiovascular disease 339 (7.79) 304 (7.90) 35 (6.9)


Cancer 251 (5.77) 227 (5.90) 24 (4.8)


Accident 57 (1.31) 54 (1.40) 3 (0.0)


Suicide 34 (0.78) 33 (0.86) 1 (0.2)


Homicide 15 (0.34) 12 (0.31) 3 (0.6)


Drug overdose 18 (0.41) 16 (0.42) 2 (0.4)


Cause unknown 621 (14.27) 589 (15.31) 32 (6.3)


Alive 3017 (69.32) 2612 (67.90) 405 (80.2)

Date of birth <.01 1.00 (1.00-1.00)

aWhite males were used as the reference group.

bNot applicable.