Table A1.

Nanoparticulate delivery systems described for the treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.

Type of Delivery System	Loaded Bioactive/Drug	Administration Route	In vivo Effects
Insulin-loaded chitosan nanoparticles	Insulin	Oral	BSL reduction Prolonged effect Biodistribution (SPECT): stomach, small and large intestine, kidney, urinary bladder
Insulin-loaded alginate nanoparticles	Insulin	Oral	BSL reduction Prolonged hypoglycemic effect
Insulin-loaded dextran nanoparticles	Insulin	Oral	BSL reduction Prolonged hypoglycemic effect
Insulin-loaded PLGA nanoparticles	Insulin	Oral	BSL reduction Prolonged hypoglycemic effect
Insulin-loaded PLA nanoparticles	Insulin	Oral	BSL reduction Prolonged hypoglycemic effect biodistribution: spleen, kidney, liver, heart, lungs
Insulin-loaded PAA nanoparticles	Insulin	Oral	Only in vitro studies in Caco-2 cell line
Insulin-loaded nanoparticles containing CPP	Insulin	Oral	BSL reduction
Insulin-loaded inorganic nanoparticles and Insulin-loaded nanoparticles containing Eudragit®	Insulin	OralNasal	BSL reduction Maximal hypoglycemic effect No toxicity in Zebrafish
Insulin-loaded SLN	Insulin	Oral	BSL reduction
Liposomes	Insulin Metformin Calcein GLP-1	Oral	Hypoglycemic effect Enhance absorption of insulin Maximum oral bioavailability
Niosomes	Insulin Metformin Metformin hydrochloride Repaglinide Pioglitazone Gliclazide	Oral	Enhance insulin permeation Enhance bioavailability
Dendrimers	Human and bovine pancreatic insulin Calcitonin	Subcutaneous	Enhance glucoregulatory effects
Micelles	Lyophilized human and porcine insulin Insulin	Oral	Prevention of aggregation of insulin Enhance bioavailability