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Effects of coffee charcoal extract (1–500 µg/mL) on LPS-induced inflammatory mediator release from THP-1 macrophages. (A) Absolute IL-6 release; (B) concentration response curve for the inhibition of TNF, IL-6, and MCP-1 release; US = unstimulated control, LPS = LPS-stimulated and untreated control, Bud = LPS stimulation and budesonide 1 nM. Mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM), n = 9–11, # p < 0.001, * p < 0.01 compared to LPS in an ordinary one-way ANOVA.
