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. 2019 Sep 30;68(1):33–57. doi: 10.1369/0022155419878416

Figure 2.

Figure 2.

Fluorescence immunohistochemical staining of hypoxic peri-arteriolar HSCs in human bone marrow (A-C, F, G) and hypoxic peri-arteriolar GSCs in human glioblastoma (D, E, H, I). Yellow rectangle in A is enlarged in B and C. CD133-expressing HSCs are localized around a SMA-positive arteriole (a) adjacent to bone (b) in bone marrow (B, yellow arrows). CD133 is also expressed in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells of the arteriolar wall (A, B). CD150-positive HSCs are localized around the arteriole adjacent to bone in bone marrow (C, yellow arrows). CD150 expression is detected in endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in the wall of the arteriole (C). SMA is expressed in smooth muscle cells in the tunica media (tm) of the arteriolar wall in glioblastoma (D). GSCs express CD133 and SOX2 and are localized adjacent to the tunica adventitia (ta) of the arteriole (a) in glioblastoma (E, yellow arrows). HIF-1α is abundantly expressed in the arteriolar wall in bone marrow (F). HIF-2α is highly expressed in HSCs in a HSC niche (F). A subset of HSCs express both HIF-1α and HIF-2α (F, yellow arrows). VEGF is abundantly expressed throughout bone marrow (G). HIF-1α is abundantly expressed in the arteriolar wall in glioblastoma (H). HIF-2α is highly expressed in GSCs (H, yellow arrows). VEGF is abundantly expressed throughout glioblastoma (I). Nuclear counterstaining with DAPI (blue). Scale bar = 100 µm. Abbreviations: HSC, hematopoietic stem cell; GSC, glioblastoma stem cell; SMA, smooth muscle actin; tm, tunica media; SOX2, sex determining region Y-box 2; ta, tunica adventitia; DAPI, 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; HIF, hypoxia-induced factor; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor.