Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics
| Characteristic | All Program Participants (N = 3156) | High Risk for T2D (n = 1493) | Overweight/Obese Low T2D Risk (n = 858) | Existing T2D (n = 755) | P Valuea |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | |||||
| Age, mean ± SD, y | 53.47 ± 13.10 | 57.28 ± 11.15 | 43.39 ± 11.82 | 57.56 ± 11.80 | <.0001 |
| Female, No. (%) | 2452 (77.69) | 1125 (75.35) | 769 (89.63) | 515 (68.20) | <.0001 |
| Race/ethnicity, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Non-Hispanic black | 140 (4.44) | 70 (4.69) | 24 (2.80) | 43 (5.70) | |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 180 (5.70) | 68 (4.55) | 62 (7.23) | 49 (6.49) | |
| Non-Hispanic white | 2149 (68.09) | 1077 (72.14) | 541 (63.05) | 494 (65.43) | |
| Hispanic | 391 (12.39) | 150 (10.05) | 142 (16.55) | 92 (12.19) | |
| Other | 72 (2.28) | 28 (1.88) | 20 (2.33) | 24 (3.18) | |
| Unknown | 224 (7.10) | 100 (6.70) | 69 (8.04) | 53 (7.02) | |
| Prefers English, No. (%) | 3080 (97.59) | 1464 (98.06) | 828 (96.50) | 739 (97.88) | .1113 |
| Insurance payer, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Commercial FFS/PPO | 1422 (45.06) | 639 (42.80) | 488 (56.88) | 275 (36.42) | |
| Commercial HMO | 560 (17.74) | 279 (18.69) | 159 (18.53) | 110 (14.57) | |
| Medicare (FFS/HMO) | 613 (19.42) | 364 (24.38) | 39 (4.55) | 205 (27.15) | |
| Medicaid | 57 (1.81) | 17 (1.14) | 26 (3.03) | 13 (1.72) | |
| Other/self | 88 (2.78) | 38 (2.55) | 35 (4.08) | 12 (1.59) | |
| Unknown | 416 (13.18) | 156 (10.45) | 111 (12.94) | 140 (18.54) | |
| Median household income, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| <$50 000 | 510 (16.16) | 224 (15.00) | 127 (14.80) | 143 (18.94) | |
| ≥$50 000 to <$75 000 | 939 (29.75) | 419 (28.06 | 257 (29.95) | 250 (33.11) | |
| ≥$75 000 to <$100 000 | 770 (24.40) | 364 (24.38) | 218 (25.41) | 177 (23.44) | |
| ≥$100 000 | 684 (21.67) | 369 (24.72) | 193 (22.49) | 114 (15.10) | |
| Missing | 253 (8.02) | 117 (7.84) | 63 (7.34) | 71 (9.40) | |
| Clinical characteristics | |||||
| Weight, mean ± SD, kg | 101.33 ± 23.84 | 103.22 ± 24.33 | 94.40 ± 20.55 | 106.10 ± 24.23 | <.0001 |
| BMI categories, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Healthy | 49 (1.55) | 28 (1.88) | 0 (0) | 3 (0.40) | |
| Overweight | 456 (14.45) | 157 (10.52) | 219 (25.52) | 77 (10.20) | |
| Obese | 1810 (57.35) | 870 (58.27) | 502 (58.51) | 418 (55.36) | |
| Severely obese | 841 (26.65) | 438 (29.34) | 137 (15.97) | 257 (34.04) | |
| Systolic BP, mean ± SD, mm Hg | 126.81 ± 15.36 | 129.43 ± 14.98 | 119.92 ± 12.58 | 129.47 ± 16.59 | <.0001 |
| Diastolic BP, mean ± SD, mm Hg | 77.33 ± 9.33 | 78.39 ± 9.19 | 75.99 ± 8.84 | 76.97 ± 9.92 | <.0001 |
| Smoking status, No. (%) | <.0001 | ||||
| Current | 189 (5.99) | 61 (4.09) | 65 (7.58) | 59 (7.81) | |
| Ever | 831 (26.33) | 432 (28.94) | 143 (16.67) | 242 (32.05) | |
| Never | 2080 (65.91) | 975 (65.30) | 630 (73.43) | 446 (59.07) | |
| Unknown | 56 (1.77) | 25 (1.67) | 20 (2.33) | 8 (1.06) | |
| Comorbidities | |||||
| Metabolic syndrome, No. (%) | 772 (24.46) | 250 (16.74) | 5 (0.58) | 514 (68.08) | <.0001 |
| Hypertension, No. (%) | 1391 (44.07) | 733 (49.10) | 132 (15.38) | 508 (67.28) | <.0001 |
| Dyslipidemia, No. (%) | 1380 (43.73) | 653 (43.74) | 151 (17.60) | 552 (73.11) | <.0001 |
| ASCVD, No. (%) | 214 (6.78) | 102 (6.83) | 18 (2.10) | 86 (11.39) | <.0001 |
| Depression, No. (%) | 661 (20.94) | 304 (20.36) | 187 (21.79) | 157 (20.79) | .6908 |
| CCI score | <.0001 | ||||
| 0 | 1729 (54.78) | 1009 (67.58) | 677 (78.90) | 28 (3.71) | |
| 1–2 | 1240 (39.29) | 447 (29.94) | 176 (20.51) | 589 (78.01) | |
| 3–4 | 157 (4.97) | 32 (2.14) | 5 (0.58) | 114 (15.10) | |
| 5–6 | 25 (0.79) | 1 (0.07) | 0 (0) | 23 (3.05) | |
| >6 | 5 (0.16) | 4 (0.27) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.13) | |
| Prescriptions | |||||
| Active Rx, mean ± SD, count | 3.99 ± 3.63 | 3.61 ± 3.20 | 2.49 ± 2.66 | 6.38 ± 4.16 | <.0001 |
| Weight loss drug, No. (%) | 200 (6.34) | 89 (5.96) | 68 (7.93) | 38 (5.03) | .0630 |
| Any diabetes drug, No. (%) | 559 (17.71) | 21 (1.41) | 9 (1.05) | 502 (66.49) | <.0001 |
| Weight loss diabetes drug, No. (%) | 453 (14.35) | 21 (1.41) | 9 (1.05) | 413 (54.70) | <.0001 |
| Other diabetes drugs, No. (%) | 280 (8.87) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 259 (34.30) | <.0001 |
Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; FFS, fee for service; HMO, health maintenance organization; PPO, preferred provider organization; Rx, prescription; SD, standard deviation; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
a
P values are derived from analysis of variance for comparison of means or χ2 tests of independence for a comparison of proportions for participants across cardiometabolic risk groups.