Table 4.
Association Between Patient Characteristics and at Least 5% Weight Loss
| Group-DPP Participants With 12 Months of Follow-up (N = 2334) | ||
|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Odds Ratio (95% CI) | Adjusted Odds Ratio (95% CI) |
| Demographics | ||
| Age | 1.01 (1.00–1.02)a | 1.00 (0.98–1.01) |
| Female | 0.85 (0.69–1.05) | 0.84 (0.65–1.08) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic white | Reference | Reference |
| Non-Hispanic black | 0.56 (0.34–0.91)a | 0.64 (0.38–1.07) |
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 0.43 (0.27–0.67)b | 0.43 (0.26–0.71)b |
| Hispanic | 0.57 (0.42–0.77)b | 0.65 (0.47–0.91)c |
| Other/unknown | 0.85 (0.62–1.15) | 0.80 (0.57–1.14) |
| English preferred | 1.10 (0.61–1.98) | 0.87 (0.45–1.68) |
| Insurance payer | ||
| Commercial FFS/PPO | Reference | Reference |
| Commercial HMO | 1.06 (0.83–1.36) | 1.02 (0.78–1.33) |
| Medicare (FFS/HMO) | 1.15 (0.91–1.45) | 1.06 (0.78–1.47) |
| Medicaid | 1.22 (0.63–2.36) | 1.84 (0.87–3.86) |
| Other/self | 0.74 (0.38–1.44) | 0.59 (0.29–1.20) |
| Unknown | 0.96 (0.73–1.26) | 0.98 (0.64–1.48) |
| Median household income | ||
| <$50 000 | Reference | Reference |
| ≥$50 000 to <$75 000 | 1.09 (0.83–1.44) | 1.02 (0.76–1.38) |
| ≥$75 000 to <$100 000 | 1.08 (0.81–1.43) | 0.98 (0.72–1.33) |
| ≥$100 000 | 1.37 (1.03–1.83)a | 1.12 (0.82–1.54) |
| Clinical characteristics | ||
| Baseline weight | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 1.00 (1.00–1.01) |
| Smoking | ||
| Current | 0.94 (0.64–1.38) | 1.30 (0.85–1.96) |
| Ever | 1.05 (0.86–1.28) | 1.04 (0.83–1.30) |
| Never | Reference | Reference |
| Unknown | 0.94 (0.43–2.06) | 0.81 (0.34–1.93) |
| Comorbidities | ||
| Cardiometabolic risk groups | ||
| High risk for T2D | 1.39 (1.11–1.72)c | 1.17 (0.80–1.72) |
| Overweight/obese low T2D risk | 1.05 (0.81–1.35) | 1.04 (0.66–1.63) |
| Existing T2D | Reference | Reference |
| Other risk | 0.93 (0.44–1.95) | 1.00 (0.44–2.34) |
| Metabolic syndrome | 0.92 (0.75–1.13) | 0.97 (0.72–1.30) |
| Hypertension | 1.03 (0.86–1.22) | 1.01 (0.79–1.30) |
| Dyslipidemia | 1.19 (0.96–1.42) | 1.13 (0.90–1.40) |
| ASCVD | 1.03 (0.74–1.43) | 1.13 (0.90–1.40) |
| Depression | 0.83 (0.66–1.03) | 0.92 (0.63–1.33) |
| CCI score | 0.87 (0.68–1.12) | |
| 0 | Reference | Reference |
| 1–2 | 0.83 (0.69–1.00) | 0.96 (0.75–1.23) |
| 3–4 | 1.02 (0.70–1.51) | 1.40 (0.86–2.29) |
| 5–6 | 1.21 (0.50–2.91) | 1.65 (0.61–4.44) |
| >6 | 0.71 (0.07–6.82) | 0.98 (0.10–9.98) |
| Prescriptions | ||
| Active prescriptions | ||
| 0 | Reference | Reference |
| 1–2 | 1.15 (0.82–1.60) | 1.16 (0.81–1.67) |
| 3–4 | 0.96 (0.69–1.35) | 1.06 (0.72–1.57) |
| 5–6 | 1.03 (0.72–1.46) | 1.25 (0.83–1.90) |
| 6+ | 0.95 (0.68–1.32) | 1.29 (0.82–2.02) |
| Weight loss drug | 0.83 (0.58–1.18) | 0.87 (0.58–1.30) |
| Weight loss diabetes drug | 0.73 (0.57–0.93)c | 0.87 (0.61–1.25) |
| Other diabetes drugs | 0.70 (0.52–0.96)a | 0.70 (0.47–1.06) |
| Completed sessions | 1.12 (1.10–1.13)b | 1.12 (1.10–1.14)b |
| Missing sessions | 0.77 (0.56–1.07) | 0.98 (0.68–1.40) |
| Health care utilization | ||
| Established PCP | 0.70 (0.50–0.99)a | 0.64 (0.44–0.93)a |
| Year of index visit | ||
| 2010 | Reference | Reference |
| 2011 | 1.97 (1.01–3.85)a | 2.13 (1.05–4.34)a |
| 2012 | 2.20 (1.15–4.19)a | 2.20 (1.09–4.46)a |
| 2013 | 1.81 (0.95–3.44) | 1.68 (0.80–3.52) |
| 2014 | 1.75 (0.92–3.33) | 1.45 (0.69–3.07) |
| 2015 | 1.91 (1.01–3.61)a | 1.62 (0.77–3.39) |
| 2016 | 1.45 (0.76–2.78) | 1.24 (0.59–2.64) |
| 2017 | 1.54 (0.68–3.51) | 1.84 (0.71–4.79) |
| Season of index visit | ||
| Fall/early winter (October-December) | Reference | Reference |
| Late winter (January-February) | 0.95 (0.70–1.30) | 0.87 (0.62–1.21) |
| Spring (March-May) | 0.84 (0.62–1.15) | 0.81 (0.58–1.14) |
| Summer (June-September) | 1.01 (0.75–1.35) | 1.00 (0.72–1.37) |
| Outpatient ambulatory visits | 0.99 (0.99–1.01) | 0.99 (0.98–1.01) |
| Telephone/electronic visits | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) |
| Preventive visit | 1.27 (1.05–1.52)a | 1.24 (1.00–1.55)a |
| Influenza immunization | 1.02 (0.83–1.25) | 0.89 (0.70–1.13) |
Abbreviations: ASCVD, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; CCI, Charlson comorbidity index; CI, confidence interval; FFS, fee for service; Group-DPP, group-based lifestyle program for diabetes prevention; HMO, health maintenance organization; PCP, primary care provider; PPO, preferred provider organization; T2D, type 2 diabetes.
a
P < .05.
b
P < .001.
c
P < .01.