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. 2015 Nov 2;21(4):358–368. doi: 10.1111/anec.12320

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics

Training Group Control Group
(n = 46) (n = 23) P
Males, n (%) 39 (84,78) 22 (95,65) ns
Age (years), mean ± SD 54.3 ± 10.38 60.4 ± 11.9 0.0205
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%), mean ± SD 31 ± 7 33 ± 7 ns
Etiology of heart failure, n (%)
Ischemic 34 (73.91) 20 (86.96) ns
Nonischemic 12 (26.09) 3 (13.04) ns
Medical history, n (%)
Myocardial infarction 32 (69.57) 20 (86.96) ns
Angioplasty 25 (54.35) 17 (73.91) ns
Coronary artery bypass grafting 10 (21.74) 7 (30.43) ns
Stroke 1 (2.22) 2 (8.70) ns
Diabetes 10 (21.74) 6 (26.09) ns
Hyperlipidemia 26 (56.52) 15 (65.22) ns
Functional status
NYHA II, n (%) 36 (78.26) 16 (69.57) ns
NYHA III, n (%) 10 (21.74) 7 (30.43) ns
Depressed, n (%) 16 (34.78) 11 (47.83) ns
Nondepressed, n (%) 20 (65.22) 12 (52.17) ns
Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire (score) 8.76 ± 6.73 11.56 ± 8.18 ns
Heart rate variability, mean ± SD
SDNN (ms) 120 ± 28 126 ± 32 ns
Log low frequency (ms2 Hz) 5.93 ± 0.87 5.81 ± 0.77 ns
Log high frequency (ms2 Hz) 5.36 ± 1.02 5.33 ± 0.83 ns
Low‐to‐high frequency ratio 2.06 ± 1.14 2.01 ± 1.35 ns
Cardiopulmonary exercise test, mean ± SD
Peak VO2 (ml/kg per minute) 16.83 ± 3.73 17.89 ± 3.50 ns
Treatment, n (%)
Beta‐blocker 36 (100) 15 (100) ns
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors 40 (86.96) 19 (82.61) ns
Angiotensin receptor blockers 6 (13.04) 3 (13.04) ns
Loop diuretics 27 (58.70) 13 (56.52) ns
Aspirin 36 (78.26) 18 (78.26) ns
Anticoagulants 10 (21.74) 6 (26.09) ns
Statins 37 (80.43) 19 (82.61) ns
Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator 29 (63.04) 11 (47.83) ns

SD = standard deviation; ns = nonsignificant; NYHA = New York Heart Association class; SDNN = standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; log = logarithm; LF = low frequency; HF = high frequency; LF/HF = low‐to‐high frequency ratio; Peak VO2 = peak oxygen consumption; bpm = beat per minute.