Table 1.
Training Group | Control Group | ||
---|---|---|---|
(n = 46) | (n = 23) | P | |
Males, n (%) | 39 (84,78) | 22 (95,65) | ns |
Age (years), mean ± SD | 54.3 ± 10.38 | 60.4 ± 11.9 | 0.0205 |
Left ventricular ejection fraction (%), mean ± SD | 31 ± 7 | 33 ± 7 | ns |
Etiology of heart failure, n (%) | |||
Ischemic | 34 (73.91) | 20 (86.96) | ns |
Nonischemic | 12 (26.09) | 3 (13.04) | ns |
Medical history, n (%) | |||
Myocardial infarction | 32 (69.57) | 20 (86.96) | ns |
Angioplasty | 25 (54.35) | 17 (73.91) | ns |
Coronary artery bypass grafting | 10 (21.74) | 7 (30.43) | ns |
Stroke | 1 (2.22) | 2 (8.70) | ns |
Diabetes | 10 (21.74) | 6 (26.09) | ns |
Hyperlipidemia | 26 (56.52) | 15 (65.22) | ns |
Functional status | |||
NYHA II, n (%) | 36 (78.26) | 16 (69.57) | ns |
NYHA III, n (%) | 10 (21.74) | 7 (30.43) | ns |
Depressed, n (%) | 16 (34.78) | 11 (47.83) | ns |
Nondepressed, n (%) | 20 (65.22) | 12 (52.17) | ns |
Beck Depression Inventory Questionnaire (score) | 8.76 ± 6.73 | 11.56 ± 8.18 | ns |
Heart rate variability, mean ± SD | |||
SDNN (ms) | 120 ± 28 | 126 ± 32 | ns |
Log low frequency (ms2 Hz) | 5.93 ± 0.87 | 5.81 ± 0.77 | ns |
Log high frequency (ms2 Hz) | 5.36 ± 1.02 | 5.33 ± 0.83 | ns |
Low‐to‐high frequency ratio | 2.06 ± 1.14 | 2.01 ± 1.35 | ns |
Cardiopulmonary exercise test, mean ± SD | |||
Peak VO2 (ml/kg per minute) | 16.83 ± 3.73 | 17.89 ± 3.50 | ns |
Treatment, n (%) | |||
Beta‐blocker | 36 (100) | 15 (100) | ns |
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors | 40 (86.96) | 19 (82.61) | ns |
Angiotensin receptor blockers | 6 (13.04) | 3 (13.04) | ns |
Loop diuretics | 27 (58.70) | 13 (56.52) | ns |
Aspirin | 36 (78.26) | 18 (78.26) | ns |
Anticoagulants | 10 (21.74) | 6 (26.09) | ns |
Statins | 37 (80.43) | 19 (82.61) | ns |
Implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator | 29 (63.04) | 11 (47.83) | ns |
SD = standard deviation; ns = nonsignificant; NYHA = New York Heart Association class; SDNN = standard deviation of all normal RR intervals; log = logarithm; LF = low frequency; HF = high frequency; LF/HF = low‐to‐high frequency ratio; Peak VO2 = peak oxygen consumption; bpm = beat per minute.