Table 2.
Demographic Characteristics by Gender
| Variable | Male | Female | Total | P‐value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, M (SD) | 55.99 (11.39) | 56.84 (10.83) | 56.28 (11.21) | 0.278 |
| Race/Ethnicity, N (%) | 0.665 | |||
| White | 220 (36.2) | 119 (37.4) | 339 (36.6) | |
| Black | 236 (38.8) | 128 (40.3) | 364 (39.3) | |
| Hispanic | 152 (25.0) | 71 (22.3) | 223 (24.1) | |
| Education level, years, M (SD) | 10.21 (3.65) | 10.04 (3.39) | 10.15 (3.57) | 0.549 |
| BMI, kg/m2 M (SD) | 31.12 (8.97) | 32.63 (8.39) | 31.58 (8.82) | 0.043 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg, M (SD) | 133.19 (26.13) | 134.12 (25.70) | 133.49 (25.98) | 0.628 |
| Diastolic blood pressure, mmHg, M (SD) | 80.69 (16.86) | 75.99 (14.56) | 79.19 (16.30) | 0.000 |
| Ischemic cardiomyopathy, n (%) | 217 (43.8) | 69 (27.8) | 286 (38.5) | 0.000 |
| EF, %, M (SD) | 27.61 (10.74) | 30.17 (11.14) | 28.46 (10.94) | 0.002 |
| NYHA, N (%) | 0.245 | |||
| I | 134 (25.6) | 75 (28.5) | 209 (26.6) | |
| II | 175 (33.4) | 73 (27.8) | 248 (31.5) | |
| III | 147 (28.1) | 86 (32.7) | 233 (29.6) | |
| IV | 68 (13.0) | 29 (11.0) | 97 (12.3) | |
| MI, N (%) | 122 (20.2) | 43 (13.6) | 165 (17.9) | 0.013 |
| Aspirin, N (%) | 291 (48.3) | 119 (37.8) | 410 (44.7) | 0.002 |
| Digoxin, N (%) | 69 (17.3) | 38 (20.1) | 107 (18.2) | 0.417 |
| Spironolactone, N (%) | 65 (15.3) | 24 (12.3) | 89 (14.3) | 0.330 |
| Beta‐blocker, N (%) | 572 (94.1) | 303 (95.3) | 875 (94.5) | 0.446 |
| ACE/ARB, N (%) | 550 (90.5) | 282 (88.7) | 832 (89.8) | 0.394 |
M = mean; SD = standard deviation; n = number of individuals; EF = ejection fraction; NYHA = New York Heart Association functional class; ACE = angiotensin converting‐enzyme inhibitors; ARB = angiotensin receptor blockers.