Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Patients in Each HRR Group
| Normal HRR (>12 bpm) (n = 48) | Abnormal HRR (≤12 bpm) (n = 31) | PValue | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 51 ± 12 | 55 ±13 | 0.06 |
| Gender, male, n (%) | 31 (65) | 21 (68) | 0.77 |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 25 ±6 | 24 ±5 | 0.41 |
| NYHA class I/II (n) | 28/20 | 11/20 | 0.05 |
| Diabetes, n (%) | 8 (17) | 7 (23) | 0.40 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 18 (38) | 14 (45) | 0.32 |
| Smoking, n (%) | 6 (21) | 5 (24) | 0.84 |
| Beta‐blocker, n (%) | 41 (85) | 30 (97) | 0.10 |
| ACEIs or ARBs, n (%) | 41 (85) | 23 (74) | 0.21 |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 25 (52) | 25 (81) | 0.10 |
| Hemoglobin (mg/dL) | 13.8 ± 1.7 | 13.6 ± 1.4 | 0.43 |
| eGFR (mL/min 1.73 m−2) | 58 ± 16 | 52 ± 14 | 0.07 |
| BNP (pg/mL) | 98 ± 139 | 193 ± 203 | 0.02 |
| Left ventricular end‐diastolic dimension (mm) | 58 ± 8 | 61 ± 10 | 0.16 |
| Left ventricular ejection fraction (%) | 39 ± 10 | 37 ± 11 | 0.36 |
| Left atrial diastolic dimension (mm) | 37 ± 7 | 40 ± 8 | 0.11 |
| Deceleration time (ms) | 206 ± 59 | 201 ± 55 | 0.71 |
| E/Ea ratio | 11.9 ± 5.4 | 15.5 ± 10.7 | 0.13 |
Values are means ± standard deviation. P value = normal HRR group versus abnormal HRR group. ACEI = angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; BNP = brain natriuretic peptide; bpm = beats per minute; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; E/Ea ratio = ratio of early transmitral flow velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity; HRR = heart rate recovery