Table 1.
Clinical and Exercise Characteristics of the Study Groups
| Clinical | Group 1 No MI, no DM (N = 54) | Group 2 DM, no MI (N = 47) | Group 3 MI, no DM (N = 26) | Group 4 DM and MI (N = 13) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age | 53 ± 13 | 60 ± 10 | 58 ± 9 | 60 ± 8 |
| Gender: female [no. (%)] | 10 (19) | 12 (26) | 4 (15) | 1 (8) |
| BMI | 27 ± 4 | 29 ± 6 | 27 ± 4 | 31 ± 5 |
| Insulin use [no. (%)] | NA | 11 (23) | NA | 4 (31) |
| HbA1c (%) | NA | 7.2 ± 1.4 | NA | 7.7 ± 1.5 |
| Microvascular complications [no. (%)] | NA | 9 (19) | NA | 3 (23) |
| LV Ejection fraction (%) | 61 ± 6 | 63 ± 7 | 53 ± 16 | 44 ± 11 |
| Total cholesterol (mg/dL) | 209 ± 45 | 175 ± 36 | 155 ± 32 | 167 ± 36 |
| Triglycerides (mg/dL) | 132 ± 77 | 121 ± 66 | 131 ± 70 | 140 ± 65 |
| High density lipoprotein (mg/dL) | 57 ± 16 | 45 ± 11 | 44 ± 9 | 40 ± 7 |
| Current smoker [no. (%)] | 4 (7) | 5 (11) | 1 (4) | 1 (8) |
| Hypertension [no. (%)] | 17 (31) | 30 (64) | 11 (42) | 11 (85) |
| Beta‐blocker use [no. (%)] | 12 (22) | 7 (15) | 21 (81) | 12 (92) |
| Statin use [no. (%)] | 11 (20) | 17 (36) | 23 (89) | 7 (54) |
| Exercise test data | ||||
| Duration (seconds) | 760 ± 169 | 652 ± 178 | 659 ± 201 | 582 ± 148 |
| Resting HR (bpm) | 75 ± 12 | 80 ± 13 | 65 ± 11 | 71 ± 13 |
| Peak HR (bpm) | 155 ± 23 | 141 ± 21 | 128 ± 21 | 128 ± 25 |
| HR 1 m post (bpm) | 126 ± 23 | 122 ± 19 | 104 ± 20 | 111 ± 21 |
| Resting sBP (mmHg) | 127 ± 17 | 126 ± 17 | 121 ± 19 | 137 ± 21 |
| Resting dBP (mmHg) | 79 ± 11 | 76 ± 10 | 73 ± 8 | 79 ± 8 |
| Peak sBP (mmHg) | 171 ± 23 | 175 ± 26 | 159 ± 20 | 180 ± 28 |
| Peak dBP (mmHg) | 80 ± 11 | 76 ± 9 | 75 ± 7 | 84 ± 15 |
| STD [no. (%)] | 5 (9) | 6 (13) | 3 (12) | 3 (23) |
Data are number (%), or mean ± SD unless stated.
Microvascular complications—includes any combination of neuropathy, nephropathy, and/or retinopathy.
BMI = body mass index (wt in Kg/square of height in meters); HR = heart rate; LV = left ventricle; sBP = systolic blood pressure; dBP = diastolic blood pressure; STD = ischemic ST segment depression during exercise.