Table 3. Comparison of dietary intake of the ten major food groups in individuals residing in urban areas of Latin America, according to the country of living, gender and age.
| Food Groups* | Country | N | Mean g/day (SD) | p** | Gender Mean g/day (SD) |
Age group Mean g/day (SD) |
|||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Male | Female | 15–19.9 | 20–34.9 | 35–49.9 | 50–65.9 | ||||||
| Fruits | ELANS | 9218 | 75.3 | (25.2) | <0.001 | 71.9 (123.3) | 78.4 (126.8) | 64.4 (123.6) | 67.7 (117.0) | 75.8 (129.9) | 95.7 (131,6) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 74.3 | (111.5) | 70.0 (116.9) | 77.8 (106.7) | 63.6 (111.1) | 60.5 (99.5) | 70.0 (101.3) | 106.7 (133.7) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 70.5 | (112.9) | 65.8 (111.3) | 74.6 (114.1) | 48.4 (96.8) | 56.8 (103.0) | 72.6 (100.6) | 104.6 (143.7) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 100.5 | (122.1) | 102.4 (127.5) | 98.8 (116.9) | 101.9 (116.1) | 91.9 (106.1) | 95.9 (122.8) | 118.6 (144.2) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 117.8 | (155.3) | 116.0 (151.5) | 119 (158.7) | 103.3 (192.2) | 123.5 (156.4) | 111.8 (141.4) | 125.8 (136.4) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 67.9 | (120.6) | 63.6 (127.6) | 72.1 (113.3) | 62.8 (93.3) | 65.2 (136.3) | 71.1 (118.7) | 71.0 (109.7) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 68.6 | (115.5) | 65.8 (123.0) | 71.3 (107.8) | 48.9 (102.0) | 63.6 (119.8) | 72.2 (113.5) | 88.8 (117.7) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 89.6 | (169.8) | 82.9 (131.5) | 96.3 (200.6) | 81.5 (160.4) | 77.4 (111.8) | 95.2 (239.9) | 116.9 (149.3) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 26.2 | (73.7) | 24.3 (76.9) | 27.9 (70.5) | 19.2 (45.3) | 18.8 (52.2) | 32.7 (101.1) | 38.2 (80.3) | ||
| Vegetables | ELANS | 9218 | 86.7 | (87.3) | <0.001 | 90.5 (86.2) | 83.1 (88.1) | 76.4 (80.7) | 83.3 (81.4) | 90.9 (91.3) | 93.5 (94.8) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 83.1 | (87.8) | 79.3 (75.5) | 86.2 (96.8) | 71.3 (71.9) | 78.4 (81.6) | 85.4 (94.5) | 93.5 (94.5) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 62.1 | (96.9) | 60.7 (89.7) | 63.3 (102.9) | 47.7 (90.7) | 51.4 (67.3) | 70.6 (110.1) | 77.0 (119.3) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 116.0 | (80.6) | 114.8 (81.5) | 117.2 (79.8) | 96.3 (76.0) | 115.6 (85.2) | 122.7 (82.2) | 120.0 (72.1) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 88.3 | (57.0) | 97.7 (60.0) | 80.0 (52.9) | 83.1 (56.5) | 90.8 (58.9) | 88.4 (56.2) | 86.5 (54.2) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 68.3 | (71.9) | 73.5 (73.5) | 63.4 (70.0) | 56.8 (65.0) | 61.7 (67.0) | 73.4 (68.6) | 78.2 (83.1) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 115 | (109.8) | 117.5 (99.9) | 112.5 (118.8) | 96.0 (88.9) | 115.2 (120.3) | 116.8 (100.0) | 126.9 (115.8) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 139.4 | (90.1) | 162.1 (97.7) | 116.9 (75.6) | 130.5 (94.5) | 139.4 (82.7) | 147.5 (99.9) | 134.2 (84.9) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 72.4 | (62.4) | 75.4 (66.6) | 69.5 (58.1) | 61.0 (60.8) | 72.5 (61.7) | 74.0 (55.9) | 78.2 (73.2) | ||
| Legumes/ Beans | ELANS | 9218 | 41.6 | (65.3) | <0.001 | 49.0 (74.2) | 34.8 (55.1) | 42.3 (64.6) | 41.3 (62.1) | 43.6 (72.7) | 38.7 (60.5) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 4.0 | (19.4) | 3.2 (17.9) | 4.6 (20.5) | 1.9 (9.3) | 3.6 (20.0) | 4.3 (18.5) | 5.2 (23.0) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 53.8 | (48.4) | 67.7 (54.4) | 41.3 (38.2) | 58.9 (48.8) | 53.7 (47.6) | 55.3 (52.4) | 48.8 (42.7) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 22.6 | (47.3) | 24.4 (51.5) | 20.9 (42.9) | 14.9 (30.3) | 23.6 (53.5) | 21.2 (45.4) | 27.4 (47.3) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 30.1 | (44.6) | 34.9 (51.5) | 25.9 (37.0) | 33.5 (53.3) | 28.9 (40.6) | 31.5 (45.9) | 28.1 (43.7) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 47.8 | (78.3) | 50.1 (81.8) | 45.7 (74.8) | 44.4 (71.8) | 46.5 (74.3) | 53.8 (91.2) | 45.0 (71.2) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 100.9 | (95.0) | 131.0 (107.6) | 71.6 (69.5) | 101.5 (90.3) | 103.7 (86.3) | 104.0 (110.6) | 90.5 (90.5) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 60.7 | (79.6) | 64.3 (84.9) | 57.1 (74.0) | 56.8 (79.9) | 63.7 (75.6) | 59.0 (84.1) | 59.8 (81.6) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 25.8 | (61.2) | 25.9 (66.4) | 25.6 (55.9) | 27.1 (56.8) | 20.8 (46.5) | 32.7 (82.0) | 25.4 (55.3) | ||
| Nuts and Seeds | ELANS | 9218 | 1.6 | (12.9) | <0.001 | 1.7 (14.0) | 1.5 (11.7) | 1.2 (11.3) | 1.6 (11.3) | 1.9 (16.3) | 1.5 (11.1) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 0.8 | (6.1) | 0.8 (7.6) | 0.8 (4.4) | 1.2 (12.2) | 1.0 (5.5) | 0.4 (3.9) | 0.7 (4.1) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 0.9 | (6.1) | 0.9 (7.3) | 0.8 (4.9) | 0.2 (1.5) | 0.8 (4.7) | 0.9 (5.0) | 1.6 (10.2) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 0.6 | (3.5) | 0.6 (3.7) | 0.7 (3.4) | 0.4 (1.9) | 1.0 (4.6) | 0.3 (2.1) | 0.7 (3.8) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 1.3 | (14.6) | 0.7 (4.7) | 1.7 (19.6) | 0.6 (3.1) | 0.9 (5.0) | 2.5 (27.4) | 0.9 (4.4) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 4.6 | (24.7) | 5.2 (28.0) | 3.9 (21.0) | 5.0 (28.1) | 4.0 (22.9) | 6.0 (27.1) | 3.6 (22.6) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 2.0 | (10.7) | 2.4 (13.2) | 1.7 (7.6) | 0.9 (5.9) | 2.7 (13.4) | 1.8 (10.7) | 1.8 (7.3) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 3.0 | (18.8) | 3.7 (23.2) | 2.2 (13.2) | 2.0 (7.8) | 3.2 (17.0) | 4.2 (27.6) | 1.5 (10.2) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 0.3 | (3.8) | 0.1 (1.9) | 0.4 (5.0) | 0.0 (0.1) | 0.4 (5.6) | 0.3 (2.5) | 0.1 (1.2) | ||
| Whole Grains | ELANS | 9218 | 13.1 | (31.3) | <0.001 | 13.2 (35.9) | 12.9 (26.4) | 13.2 (31.2) | 12.7 (30.5) | 12.5 (30.8) | 14.4 (33.4) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 13.5 | (32.1) | 14.1 (38.8) | 13.1 (25.3) | 10.6 (34.5) | 12.4 (27.2) | 13.9 (36.3 | 16.4 (32.1) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 13.6 | (33.1) | 13.9 (38.7) | 13.3 (27.3) | 16.8 (37.7) | 13.6 (35.3) | 12.9 (29.9) | 12.8 (30.9) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 10.6 | (25.8) | 9.7 (25.8) | 11.5 (25.8) | 15.8 (28.2) | 10.9 (24.4) | 8.3 (23.4) | 10.1 (28.9) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 14.7 | (27.8) | 15.8 (33.1) | 13.8 (22.0) | 19.0 (42.0) | 14.0 (27.0) | 12.4 (19.9) | 16.4 (24.2) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 14.6 | (38.5) | 14.7 (43.6) | 14.5 (32.9) | 10.0 (21.5) | 13.9 (34.7) | 14.4 (35.5) | 18.1 (51.4) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 14.9 | (28.6) | 15.9 (33.4) | 14.0 (22.9) | 12.1 (23.8) | 15.5 (29.6) | 14.9 (31.4) | 16.3 (25.7) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 12.2 | (36.9) | 12.3 (42.9) | 12.1 (29.9) | 9.5 (26.5) | 10.7 (37.0) | 14.2 (45.1) | 15.0 (29.9) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 9.5 | (20.8) | 8.4 (19.4) | 10.5 (22.0) | 9.6 (18.6) | 10.0 (21.9) | 8.6 (18.0) | 9.6 (23.8) | ||
| Fish and Seafood | ELANS | 9218 | 18.3 | (51.9) | <0.001 | 19.9 (49.2) | 16.9 (54.2) | 15.5 (38.3) | 18.0 (47.0) | 20.0 (65.6) | 18.3 (46.2) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 6.5 | (26.9) | 7.3 (31.9) | 5.9 (21.9) | 5.6 (22.7) | 4.6 (19.6) | 8.6 (35.3) | 7.4 (25.6) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 20.1 | (82.1) | 19.4 (66.2) | 20.7 (94.0) | 12.7 (46.6) | 19.6 (67.9) | 22.2 (115.2) | 22.0 (59.5) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 12.4 | (29.1) | 11.2 (28.8) | 13.4 (29.3) | 12.5 (26.3) | 11.7 (29.6) | 13.6 (29.0) | 11.7 (30.0) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 28.9 | (51.4) | 31.8 (56.8) | 26.3 (46.0) | 29.7 (52.3) | 28.3 (52.9) | 30.4 (47.1) | 27.3 (53.9) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 15.1 | (38.2) | 17.5 (42.5) | 12.7 (33.3) | 8.0 (25.6) | 14.1 (38.3) | 18.4 (38.7) | 16.3 (42.1) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 19.0 | (35.1) | 21.2 (35.9) | 16.8 (34.2) | 14.3 (28.2) | 20.0 (34.1) | 21.7 (39.7) | 16.5 (34.7) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 30.3 | (46.6) | 34.5 (48.3) | 26.1 (44.5) | 26.8 (40.7) | 30.0 (47.1) | 32.3 (46.3) | 30.8 (51.2) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 17.2 | (39.7) | 20.3 (45.3) | 14.2 (33.2) | 15.5 (36.1) | 16.8 (36.8) | 16.3 (38.3) | 20.9 (49.3) | ||
| Yogurt | ELANS | 9218 | 12.1 | (46.5) | <0.001 | 10.8 (47.2) | 13.2 (45.8) | 18.2 (62.9) | 13.7 (48.9) | 8.7 (36.8) | 10.0 (40.8) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 19.2 | (67.1) | 20.3 (79.8) | 18.3 (54.4) | 31.3 (114.4) | 23.2 (72.8) | 13.9 (46.3) | 13.5 (41.7) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 10.5 | (44.3) | 8.4 (39.2) | 12.4 (48.3) | 14.0 (46.7) | 10.0 (39.5) | 9.2 (46.5) | 11.3 (47.8) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 20.9 | (50.5) | 20.1 (50.4) | 21.6 (50.6) | 42.0 (70.6) | 26.3 (57.8) | 10.4 (32.4) | 13.5 (36.7) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 15.0 | (50.1) | 13.4 (50.9) | 16.5 (49.5) | 22.1 (66.6) | 16.4 (50.5) | 8.3 (30.9) | 15.8 (55.6) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 10.1 | (39.8) | 7.8 (31.2) | 12.3 (46.5) | 15.0 (41.5) | 12.2 (42.7) | 7.5 (29.8) | 7.5 (43.7) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 4.4 | (27.9) | 3.2 (28.4) | 5.6 (27.3) | 3.6 (25.4) | 5.8 (36.3) | 3.8 (20.9) | 3.4 (17.6) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 11.6 | (42.9) | 12.4 (46.2) | 10.9 (39.3) | 17.1 (56.9) | 13.4 (45.9) | 9.3 (36.9) | 6.0 (24.8) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 5.1 | (29.7) | 3.4 (27.6) | 6.7 (31.4) | 4.4 (30.3) | 5.9 (35.6) | 4.7 (23.8) | 4.4 (21.7) | ||
| Red Meat | ELANS | 9218 | 61.3 | (68.0) | <0.001 | 73.7 (76.5) | 50.0 (56.9) | 61.5 (65.4) | 64.4 (70.3) | 61.2 (69.1) | 55.7 (63.5) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 79.1 | (72.7) | 93.1 (80.1) | 67.4 (63.8) | 80.5 (72.8) | 80.4 (72.5) | 79.5 (76.1) | 75.7 (68.7) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 79.0 | (82.2) | 99.8 (94.7) | 60.5 (63.7) | 82.3 (79.3) | 83.9 (86.9) | 78.2 (82.0) | 69.6 (74.5) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 45.7 | (54.2) | 57.5 (65.0) | 34.7 (38.6) | 37.8 (37.3) | 49.9 (59.3) | 49.9 (60.6) | 38.6 (44.1) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 26.0 | (39.1) | 31.7 (43.4) | 20.9 (34.2) | 21.3 (33.9) | 28.7 (41.8) | 24.7 (38.9) | 25.4 (36.9) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 69.4 | (65.8) | 81.6 (71.5) | 57.6 (57.4) | 66.3 (60.6) | 72.0 (66.7) | 70.2 (63.7) | 66.2 (69.1) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 42.5 | (51.9) | 49.7 (58.2) | 35.6 (43.9) | 54.8 (66.3) | 48.5 (53.4) | 35.2 (45.9) | 31.8 (39.4) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 63.8 | (66.0) | 72.9 (66.7) | 54.8 (64.0) | 60.5 (56.8) | 70.3 (70.6) | 60.7 (65.5) | 56.6 (62.9) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 59.7 | (61.4) | 70.1 (68.5) | 49.7 (51.8) | 73.4 (62.7) | 61.6 (62.5) | 58.4 (63.0) | 46.7 (52.5) | ||
| Processed Meat | ELANS | 9218 | 18.5 | (34.1) | <0.001 | 22.2 (39.5) | 15.1 (27.9) | 20.3 (31.4) | 21.3 (38.1) | 17.2 (33.1) | 13.9 (28.3) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 22.1 | (35.3) | 28.0 (41.5) | 17.2 (28.3) | 23.0 (33.1) | 23.4 (34.9) | 19.7 (33.7) | 22.9 (38.9) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 22.2 | (40.3) | 26.1 (45.0) | 18.7 (35.3) | 24.6 (35.6) | 25.8 (43.2) | 19.9 (41.9) | 17.6 (34.1) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 24.8 | (43.9) | 31.5 (54.0) | 18.6 (30.5) | 25.3 (34.4) | 27.8 (56.8) | 26.3 (38.9) | 18.2 (29.7) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 6.2 | (14.0) | 6.2 (14.2) | 6.1 (13.7) | 7.1 (14.4) | 5.8 (13.1) | 7.9 (16.7) | 3.5 (10.1) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 18.2 | (32.8) | 22.2 (37.2) | 14.2 (27.4) | 26.5 (35.4) | 22.0 (33.9) | 16.9 (36.9) | 9.8 (21.3) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 20.8 | (36.0) | 26.2 (42.2) | 15.5 (27.8) | 23.0 (37.1) | 27.3 (44.8) | 17.1 (27.4) | 11.5 (21.2) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 12.1 | (27.5) | 14.0 (32.1) | 10.3 (21.9) | 10.3 (16.6) | 17.3 (36.9) | 9.9 (20.2) | 5.3 (15.7) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 18.4 | (25.6) | 20.6 (28.6) | 16.3 (22.2) | 21.4 (29.2) | 21.4 (28.0) | 16.3 (21.7) | 12.7 (21.3) | ||
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: ready-to-drink | ELANS | 9218 | 313.9 | (415.2) | <0.001 | 386.3 (474.0) | 247.6 (339.4) | 403.4 (455.6) | 364.7 (444.6) | 291.9 (399.6) | 193.3 (309.4) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 712.6 | (670.4) | 896.4 (766.0) | 560.6 (534.3) | 951.1 (670.7) | 825.6 (723.9) | 667.2 (645.5) | 472.3 (520.7) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 304.7 | (342.7) | 372.8 (381.4) | 244.2 (291.3) | 440.6 (388.9) | 351.5 (352.3) | 286.2 (338.5) | 170.1 (241.0) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 262.3 | (322.3) | 358.3 (377.5) | 172.5 (226.2) | 298.8 (311.2) | 333.7 (389.9) | 251.9 (291.0) | 145.7 (194.0) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 196.8 | (254.5) | 250.8 (294.5) | 148.9 (201.3) | 212.0 (239.1) | 206.5 (243.6) | 202.0 (285.1) | 152.6 (238.1) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 189.1 | (263.1) | 232.7 (302.0) | 147.2 (211.3) | 294.0 (399.2) | 218.5 (266.3) | 173.7 (231.4) | 111.4 (166.9) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 291.4 | (340.1) | 351.0 (385.0) | 233.4 (278.0) | 405.0 (319.0) | 366.0 (388.0) | 239.6 (303.7) | 129.9 (206.2) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 192.8 | (241.9) | 255.0 (279.6) | 131.6 (178.1) | 216.2 (248.6) | 242.2 (265.7) | 151.9 (194.6) | 122.0 (219.5) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 276.7 | (359.6) | 317.5 (392.3) | 238.0 (320.9) | 351.5 (411.2) | 342.6 (385.6) | 228.3 (325.5) | 145.7 (241.0) | ||
| Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: homemade | ELANS | 9218 | 387.6 | (418.0) | <0.001 | 407.2 (437.2) | 369.6 (398.7) | 341.3 (334.1) | 381.4 (401.6) | 413.8 (457.4) | 329.4 (436.1) |
| Argentina | 1266 | 532.6 | (637.8) | 522.2 (627.1) | 541.3 (646.8) | 381.8 (353.3) | 522.5 (554.2) | 587.3 (753.1) | 555.8 (696.8) | ||
| Brazil | 2000 | 249.1 | (244.7) | 266.0 (273.3) | 234.1 (215.0) | 267.9 (275.9) | 230.5 (233.7) | 272.5 (240.5) | 237.7 (248.4) | ||
| Chile | 879 | 28.5 | (64.3) | 31.8 (72.7) | 25.3 (55.1) | 34.0 (72.3) | 28.3 (66.4) | 25.6 (50.9) | 29.1 (71.0) | ||
| Peru | 1113 | 756.4 | (429.3) | 835.9 (471.4) | 685.9 (374.6) | 708.2 (372.6) | 766.7 (439.2) | 762.7 (460.7) | 763.5 (400.4) | ||
| Colombia | 1230 | 319.4 | (298.4) | 330.7 (316.5) | 308.4 (279.8) | 280.4 (252.4) | 304.6 (278.6) | 322.8 (294.9) | 356.4 (345.1) | ||
| Costa Rica | 798 | 426.7 | (372.8) | 476.9 (408.1) | 377.8 (328.0) | 287.7 (252.9) | 392.1 (346.7) | 540.8 (431.3) | 437.7 (363.1) | ||
| Ecuador | 800 | 541.8 | (326.7) | 564.0 (351.8) | 520.0 (298.8) | 514.8 (286.2) | 551.0 (355.8) | 568.3 (349.5) | 502.1 (298.8) | ||
| Venezuela | 1132 | 323.6 | (300.0) | 332.5 (312.2) | 315.1 (287.8) | 213.8 (209.7) | 290.1 (293.9) | 359.9 (308.6) | 427.3 (319.3) | ||
* Food Groups: food or beverages with demonstrated associations with cardiometabolic disease or any cause of mortality.
** Kruskal Wallis test. Data obtained from the ELANS by the average of two non-consecutive 24-HR.