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Schematic diagram of the possible inflammatory response induced by NiCl2. NiCl2 triggers the transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α and INF-β through the NF-κB, MAPKs, IRF3 signaling pathways in the BMDM. And NiCl2 also can induce caspase-1 activation via NRLP3 inflammasome activation. Moreover, NiCl2 induces apoptosis through mitochondrial ROS-mediated pathway, and also, NLRP3 inflammasome activation contributes to the apoptosis.
