TABLE 2.

Supportive roles and activities of grandmothers related to newborn nutrition, health, and development

Grandmothers’ supportive roles for newborns	Activities of grandmothers associated with roles
Caring for the new mother	Disposing of the placenta and planting a tree, according to tradition
	Sleeping with the newborn and lactating mother for ≤3 mo after delivery to allow new mother to rest and regain her strength
	Preparing food and providing water to the new mother
	Giving gifts to the new mother
	Washing the mother's nipples with ash prior to breastfeeding
Teaching and monitoring the new mother's caring practices with the newborn	Advising on breastfeeding: how to hold the baby; how to make the baby smile while breastfeeding
	Teaching mother how to pray to give thanks to God for producing breast milk for the baby
	Advising what to do when the baby cries
	Advising how to wrap the baby
	Advising not to leave the baby alone at any time
	Teaching how to carry the newborn and protect his or her head
Direct care for newborns	Washing the baby after birth and with first time mothers and for the first 40 d
	Teaching the new mother how to bathe the baby
	Washing the infant's clothes for the first days or weeks after birth
	Dressing the baby
	Keeping baby and mother indoors for the first 3–7 d, until the naming ceremony
	Giving herbs (jassuie) and/or warm water to clean out the stomach
	Giving herbs (bunduqui) with warm water to increase baby's blood
	Preparing and rubbing traditional oil on the baby to protect from the cold
	Giving herbs (often garlic, hewee) to protect the skin
	Giving herbs (yumbuyambe) to make the baby have strong blood, grow fast, and walk early
	Giving warm water to make the baby stop crying and sleep
	Monitoring the baby to detect illnesses and to treat with traditional remedies at home
	Taking the baby to the health center if the mother is too weak to do so
	Caring for the umbilical cord and burying it when it falls off, according to tradition