Table 1:
Characteristics of homebound population grouped by if and how they left the home*, 2015 (n=1,852)
| Sample characteristics | Group-wise comparisons | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Limited Ability (LA) | Completely dependent (CD) | Exclusively Homebound (EH) | P-value: LA-EH | P-value: CD-EH | P-value: LA-CD | |
| Sample N | 994.00 | 326.00 | 532.00 | |||
| Sample N weighted | 4,876,363 | 1,245,044 | 2,131,372 | |||
| Age, mean (SD) | 76.6 (7.9) | 82.3 (8.6) | 80.6 (9.0) | <0.01 | 0.04 | <0.01 |
| Female (%) | 62.8 | 70.8 | 73.0 | <0.01 | 0.59 | 0.04 |
| White, Non-Hispanic (%) | 75.5 | 61.6 | 60.0 | <0.01 | 0.71 | <0.01 |
| Hispanic (%) | 5.7 | 12.4 | 20.1 | <0.01 | 0.03 | <0.01 |
| Black, non-Hispanic (%) | 10.7 | 10.7 | 11.7 | 0.47 | 0.59 | 0.99 |
| Other, non- Hispanic (%) | 4.4 | 10.6 | 4.7 | 0.87 | 0.03 | <0.01 |
| ≥ High school education (%) | 76.9 | 65.7 | 60.1 | <0.01 | 0.19 | <0.01 |
| Annual household income, mean | 44,359 | 33,521 | 32,024 | 0.01 | 0.79 | 0.02 |
| Medicaid (%) | 20.1 | 33.9 | 35.5 | <0.01 | 0.73 | <0.01 |
| Married (%) | 44.3 | 29.3 | 33.0 | <0.01 | 0.36 | <0.01 |
| Number of living children, mean (SD) | 3.0 (2.0) | 3.2 (2.3) | 3.2 (2.3) | 0.12 | 0.81 | 0.11 |
| Home Environment and Geographic Factors | ||||||
| Lives alone (%) | 34.8 | 32.0 | 32.2 | 0.40 | 0.96 | 0.45 |
| Non-nursing home residential care (%) | 7.1 | 18.5 | 19.6 | <0.01 | 0.75 | <0.01 |
| Stairs to enter home (%) | 77.4 | 58.5 | 65.3 | <0.01 | 0.10 | <0.01 |
| Region | ||||||
| Northeast (%) | 19.7 | 24.2 | 20.4 | 0.78 | 0.32 | 0.18 |
| Midwest (%) | 22.0 | 11.7 | 18.9 | 0.24 | 0.01 | <0.01 |
| South (%) | 38.3 | 39.2 | 35.1 | 0.32 | 0.32 | 0.80 |
| West (%) | 20.1 | 25.0 | 25.6 | 0.06 | 0.87 | 0.15 |
| Lives in metropolitan area (%) | 77.6 | 89.0 | 82.6 | 0.05 | 0.03 | <0.01 |
| Functional Impairment and Clinical Factors | ||||||
| Assistive Device (%) | 23.5 | 61.0 | 49.1 | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| ADL impairment, mean (SD) | 1.3 (1.4) | 2.8 (2.0) | 2.3 (2.0) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| iADL impairment, mean (SD) | 1.6 (1.5) | 3.4 (1.7) | 2.9 (1.8) | <0.01 | <0.01 | <0.01 |
| Count medical conditions, mean (SD) | 4.1 (1.8) | 4.5 (2.0) | 4.6 (2.2) | <0.01 | 0.73 | <0.01 |
| Lung disease (%) | 26.8 | 18.1 | 25.8 | 0.74 | 0.03 | 0.01 |
| Depression (%) | 23.9 | 32.9 | 40.8 | <0.01 | 0.07 | 0.01 |
| Dementia (%) | 12.4 | 49.2 | 39.3 | <0.01 | 0.02 | <0.01 |
| Self-reported health fair/poor (%) | 49.3 | 54.0 | 59.7 | <0.01 | 0.18 | 0.23 |
| Hospital stay in the last year (%) | 35.9 | 44.1 | 37.9 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.03 |
*
Subgroup definitions: “exclusively homebound” left home one or fewer times per week, “completely dependent” left home ≥2 times per week but never by themselves, and “limited ability” left home ≥2 per week, sometimes received help, and reported difficulty when leaving alone.