Figure 2.

(R)‐salbutamol inhibits the expression of cytokines typically detected in M1 macrophages in LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells. A‐B, The graph shows the protein expression levels of the pro‐inflammatory cytokines (A) TNF‐α, (B) IL‐1β and (C) MCP‐1 in the control (Ctrl), LPS, (R)‐salbutamol and ICI‐118551 groups as determined by ELISA. Ctrl cells served as a control. D‐F, Relative mRNA expression of the M1 macrophage markers (D) TNF‐α, (E) IL‐1β and (F) MCP‐1 were examined in the Ctrl, LPS, (R)‐salbutamol and ICI‐118551 groups by real‐time PCR. Data are presented as the mean ± SD. ^** P < .01, ^* P < .05; ns, not significant