Figure 5.

(R)‐salbutamol rescues mitochondrial respiration and inhibits Warburg metabolism (aerobic glycolysis) of LPS‐induced RAW264.7 cells. A, Mitochondrial stress test was carried out by the sequential addition of 0.5 µmol/L rotenone/antimycin A, 0.5 µmol/L FCCP and 1 µmol/L oligomycin. B, Maximal and basal respiration, H⁺ leak and ATP production (from left to right) are shown. C, Glycolysis stress test was carried out by sequential addition of 50 mmol/L 2‐DG, 1 µmol/L oligomycin and 10 mmol/L glucose. D, Glycolysis and glycolytic capacity are shown. E, Bioenergetic profiles obtained by plotting the maximal ECAR and OCR as quantified in (B) and (D). F, The ratio of OCR/ECAR. Oligo: oligomycin, an ATP synthase blocker; FCCP: carbonyl cyanide 4‐(trifluoromethoxy) phenylhydrazone; R/A: rotenone and antimycin A; 2‐DG: 2‐deoxyglucose. All data are shown as the mean ± SD. ^** P < .01, ^* P < .05; ns, not significant