Table 1.

iPSC-modelling of traditional chemotherapeutic agents

Class	Representative drugs	Clinical cardiotoxic effects	iPSC-CM modelling	References
Anthracyclines	Doxorubicin	Arrhythmias, myocardial oedema, decreased LVEF, congestive heart failure, myopericarditis, and myocardial infarction	Sarcomeric disarray, increased caspase 3/7 activity, ROS production, mitochondrial and metabolic dysfunction, and changes in calcium handling	74–76,78
Anti-metabolites	5-Fluorouracil	Angina, QT prolongation, arrhythmias, myocardial infarction, coronary vasospasm, and pericarditis	Cytotoxicity and induction of arrhythmic beats	84
Alkylating agents	Cyclophosphamide	Congestive heart failure, myopericarditis, arrhythmias, and haemorrhagic myocarditis	Cytotoxicity and induction of arrhythmic beats	84
Anti-microtubule	Paclitaxel	Bradycardia, VPCs, and ventricular tachycardia	Undetermined	NA

NA, not applicable.