Table 2.

iPSC-modelling of targeted chemotherapeutic agents

Class	Representative drugs	Clinical cardiotoxic effects	iPSC-CM modelling	References
Monoclonal antibodies	Trastuzmab	Decreased LVEF, increased serum cardiac troponin I, congestive heart failure, and hypertension	Decrease in oxidative phosphorylation and glucose utilization, and metabolic impairment	79,90,91
Tyrosine kinase i nhibitors	Nilotinib Vemurafenib	QT prolongation, vascular events, hyperglycaemia, and risk of sudden death	Cytotoxicity, ROS production, lipid accumulation, and inhibition of ABL, AKT, and ERK survival pathways, disruption of actin cytoskeleton	86,89
	Ponatinib	Vascular events		89
	Trametinib	Congestive heart failure		85,89
	Sunitinib	Hypertension, venous or arterial thromboembolic events, decreased LVEF, and congestive heart failure		86,89
	Vendetanib
	Sorafenib Pazopinib
	Axitinib
	Dasatinib	Pulmonary hypertension, QT prolongation, peripheral oedema, pericardial effusion, and vascular events		89
Proteasome inhibitors	Bortezomib Carfilzomib	Hypertension, thromboembolic events, arrhythmias, and congestive heart failure	Undetermined	NA
Immuno-modulators	Thalidomide	Thromboembolic events	Undetermined	NA
Immune checkpoint inhibitors	Pembrolizumab Nivolumab	Myocarditis	Undetermined	NA
	Ipilimumab

NA, not applicable.