Table 4.

Fused silica capillary parameters.

Parameter	Available Options	Recommendation	Rationale
Capillary OD	90 – >3500 μm	360 μm	Dissipates heat well (reduces Joule heating); less prone to breaking
Capillary ID	≤1 – >2000 μm	30 – 50 μm	Minimizes physical blockages; high resistance yields low currents
Total Length	User preference	≤ 40 cm	Longer yields higher separation efficiencies and resolution
Effective Length	≤ Total length	< 20 cm	Shorter yields higher throughput; limited by instrument design
Detection Window Size	User preference	≤ 0.5 cm	Enables facile z-positioning of window; limits window breakage