Fig. 13.

Schematic diagram of Atg22 deficiency contributes to reduce programmed cell death induced by acetic acid in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. ① Obstruction of Ac entrance by influencing compositions, function of cell wall and membrane. ② Decreasing accumulation of ROS in cytoplasm. ③ Upregulation of genes expression in heat shock protein family, cell wall integrity pathway and autophagy. ④ Maintaining mitochondrial membrane potential. ⑤ Changing amino acids between vacuole and cytoplasm promotes amino acids flowing from vacuole to cytoplasm