Table 2.
Factors associated with hypertension
| Factors | Univariable analysis | Multivariable analysis | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | ||||||
| OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | OR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age (y) | 1.04 (1.03–1.04) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.0001 | 1.04 (1.03–1.05) | <0.0001 |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Males | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||
| Females | 1.00 (0.82–1.23) | 0.9558 | 1.07 (0.83–1.38) | 0.5977 | 0.94 (0.72–1.22) | 0.6305 | 1.01 (0.77–1.33) | 0.9460 |
| Education | ||||||||
| None | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||
| Primary | 0.59 (0.46–0.76) | <0.0001 | 0.95 (0.71–1.27) | 0.7203 | 0.92 (0.68–1.24) | 0.5762 | 0.89 (0.66–1.22) | 0.4908 |
| Higher | 0.72 (0.52–1) | 0.0541 | 0.70 (0.93–2.28) | 0.1024 | 0.81 (0.83–2.12) | 0.2345 | 0.80 (0.86–2.19) | 0.1896 |
| Occupation | ||||||||
| Employee/government employee | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||
| Craftsman/storekeeper | 1.38 (0.90–2.12) | 0.1356 | 1.37(0.80–2.34) | 0.2478 | 1.29 (0.75–2.24) | 0.3564 | 1.27 (0.23-3.12) | 0.3987 |
| Farmer/breeder/fisherman | 2.2 (1.38–3.49) | 0.0008 | 1.44 (0.80–2.59) | 0.2216 | 1.56 (0.85–2.84) | 0.1501 | 1.49(0.81–2.72) | 0.1971 |
| Homemade/retired | 2.84 (1.42–5.66) | 0.0030 | 2.31 (1.02–5.22) | 0.0451 | 2.79 (1.19–6.53) | 0.0173 | 2.81 (1.19–6.67) | 0.0190 |
| Jobless | 5.00 (2.78–8.99) | <0.0001 | 1.52 (0.72–3.20) | 0.2736 | 1.73 (0.81–3.70) | 0.1578 | 1.61 (0.75–3.46) | 0.2222 |
| Religion | ||||||||
| Christians | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | |||||
| Animists | 1.97 (1.58–2.46) | <0.0001 | 1.43 (1.12–1.82) | 0.0042 | 1.57 (1.22–2.02) | 0.0005 | 1.52 (1.17–2.62) | 0.0048 |
| Other | 1.22 (0.78–1.89) | 0.3815 | 1.06 (0.67–1.69) | 0.8021 | 1.12 (0.68–1.77) | 0.6934 | 1.16 (0.58–1.89) | 0.7834 |
| Marital status | ||||||||
| Single | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||||
| Married/in couple | 1 (0.73–1.38) | 0.9621 | 0.89 (0.63–1.26) | 0.5102 | ||||
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 2.84 (1.92–4.21) | < 0.0001 | 1.10 (0.69–1.77) | 0.6800 | ||||
| Average household income/month | ||||||||
| Low | Ref. 1 | |||||||
| Middle | 0.97 (0.81–1.21) | 0.8896 | ||||||
| High | 0.78 (0.27–2.20) | 0.6368 | ||||||
| Depression | ||||||||
| No | Ref. 1 | |||||||
| Yes | 1.1 (0.79–1.53) | 0.5790 | ||||||
| Anxiety | ||||||||
| No | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||||
| Yes | 1.21 (0.91–1.59) | 0.1895 | 0.97 (0.71–1.33) | 0.8536 | ||||
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | 1.02 (1.00–1.03) | 0.0002 | 1.02 (1.01–1.04) | 0.0001 | 1.05 (1.02–1.07) | 0.0001 | 1.04 (1.01–1.07) | 0.001 |
| 18.5–25 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | |||||
| < 18.5 | 1.48 (1.08–2.03) | 0.0141 | 1.05 (0.73–1.51) | 0.7940 | 1 (0.7–1.46) | 0.9598 | ||
| 25–30 | 1.92 (1.50–2.46) | <0.0001 | 2.12 (1.60–2.79) | <0.0001 | 2.10 (1.59–2.18) | <0.0001 | ||
| > 30 | 2.78 (1.97–3.92) | <0.0001 | 3.57 (2.43–5.25) | <0.0001 | 3.32 (2.25–4.89) | <0.0001 | ||
| Tobacco Use (smoked/chewed) | ||||||||
| No | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||||
| Yes (past/current) | 1.54 (1.10–2.17) | 0.0119 | 0.84 (0.57–1.26) | 0.4021 | ||||
| Diabetes | ||||||||
| No | Ref. 1 | |||||||
| Yes | 1.09 (0.62–1.93) | 0.7533 | ||||||
| Physical activity | ||||||||
| ≥ 150 min/week | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | |||||
| < 150 min/week | 1.37 (1.11–1.67) | 0.0027 | 1.17 (0.93–1.48) | 0.1755 | 1.18 (0.93–1.49) | 0.1725 | ||
| Fruits and vegetables | ||||||||
| ≥ 5/day | Ref. 1 | |||||||
| < 5/day | 1.03 (0.74–1.45) | 0.8363 | ||||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||||||
| Abstainers | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||||
| Light | 0.77 (0.60–0.98) | 0.0313 | 0.75 (0.57–0.99) | 0.0500 | ||||
| Moderate to heavy | 1.19 (0.94–1.53) | 0.1487 | 1.11 (0.82–1.50) | 0.5162 | ||||
| Salt consumption | ||||||||
| Rarely | Ref. 1 | Ref. 1 | ||||||
| Often and very often | 1.23 (1–1.50) | 0.0512 | 1.11 (0.89–1.41) | 0.3801 | ||||
aModel 1: adjusted for demographic and socio-economic factors
bModel 2: adjusted for demographic, socio-economic and cardiovascular risk factors
cModel 3: adjusted for demographic, socio-economic, cardiovascular risk factors and nutritional factors