Table 2.
Polyphenols metabolism by gut microbiota in humans.
| Bacteria | Polyphenol Class | Bacterial action | Main metabolites | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
Clostridium orbiscidens, Eubacterium oxidoreducens, Eubacterium ramulus, Eggerthella sp., Enterococcus casseliflavus, Butyrivibrio spp., Flavonifractor plautii, Bacteroides uniformis, Bacteroides ovatus, Bifidobacterium spp., Blautia sp. |
Flavonols (Kaempferol Quercetin Myricetin) |
O-Deglycosylation C-ring fission |
Protocatechuic acid 2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-acetic acid 2-(4-hydroxyphenil)-propionic acid 3-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-(3-Hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 2-(3-hydroxyphenil)-acetic acid 2-(3-dihydroxyphenil)-acetic acid 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenil)-acetic acid Protocatechuic acid 2-(3,5-dihydroxiphenil)-acetic acid |
(26, 38–41) |
| Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, Eggerthella strain Julong732, Paraeggerthela hongkongensis, Slackia equolifaciens, Slackia isoflavoniconvertens, Clostridium butyricum, Eubacterium ramulus, Flavonifractor plautii | Flavanones (Naringenin, Hesperidin) | C-ring fission | 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 3-phenylpropionic acid Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid |
(39–41) |
|
Clostridium coccoides, Bifidobacterium spp., Eubacterium, Eggerthella lenta, Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, Slackia equolifaciens, Lactobacillus plantarum, Flavonifractor plautii |
Flavan-3-ols Proanthocyanidins |
Hydrolysis of ester bonds C-ring cleavage Dehydroxylation |
3,4-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 3-Hydroxyphenylpropionic acid 3-Hydroxybenzoic acid 4-Hydroxy-5-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) valeric acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid Phenylvalerolactones |
(39–41) |
| Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis | Anthocyanins Cyanidin, Peonidin, Pelargonidin, Malvidin |
O-Deglycosylation, C-ring fission |
3,4-dimethoxybenzoic acid 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 3-hydroxycinnamic acid 4-hydroxybenzoic acid |
(39–41) |
|
Streptococcus intermedius, Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium spp., Bacteroides ovatus, Streptococcus intermedius, Ruminococcus productus, Lactobacillus mucosae, Eubacterium limosum, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus casseliflavus, Eubacterium ramulus, Veillonella sp., strain GC19-1, Eggerthella Julong 732, Blautia sp., Lactococcus spp., Clostridium spp., Slackia isoflavoniconvertens, Slackia equolifaciens, Adlercreutzia equolifaciens, Paraeggerthella hongkongensis, Lactobacillus mucosae, Finegoldia magna |
Isoflavones (Daidzein Genistein) |
O-Deglycosylation O-demethylation Reduction C-ring cleavage dehydroxylation |
Equol O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA) 5-hydroxy-equol 2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid Phloroglucinol |
(26, 39–41) |
| Bacteroides uniformis, Blautia sp., Bifidobacterium spp., Lactobacillus spp., Enterococcus spp., Lactococcus lactis, Eubacterium spp., Escherichia sp., Clostridium butyricum, F. plautii | Flavones (Luteolin, Apigenin) |
O-Deglycosylation O-Demethylation C-ring fission Dehydroxylation at B-ring |
3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 4-hydroxycinnamic acid |
(39–41) |
| Butyrivibrio spp., Gordonibacter urolithinfaciens, Gordonibacter pamelaeae | Ellagitannins | Hydrolysis | Urolithins | (24, 31, 39) |
| Bacteroides distasonis, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides ovatus, Clostridium cocleatum, Clostridium saccharogumia, Butyribacterium methylotrophicum, Eubacterium callanderi, Eubacterium limosum, Blautia producta, Peptostreptococcus productus, Clostridium scindens, Eggerthella lenta, Lactonifactor longoviformis | Lignans | Deglycosylation Demethylation Dehydroxylation Dehydrogenation |
Enterolactone Enterodiol |
(39, 40) |
| Escherichia coli, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus gasseri | Phenolic acids (Caffeic acid, Ferulic acid) | De-esterification Dehydroxylation |
3-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid Hydroxyphenyl-ethanol Phenylacetic acid Benzoic acid 3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-propionic acid |
(39, 40) |
| Slackia equolifaciens, Adlercreutzia equolifaciens | Resveratrol | Dehydroxylation | Dihydroresveratrol Lunularin |
(32) |