Table 3.
Cortical thickness and volumes in brain regions related to memory
| Brain region | CON | MJ | MDD | MDD+MJ | MDD effect |
MJ effect | Interaction effect |
||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (CON and MJ vs. |
(CON and MDD vs. |
||||||||||||||
| (n=23) | (n=20) | (n=18) | (n=21) | MDD and MDD+MJ) |
MJ and MDD+MJ) |
MJ effect within MDD status |
|||||||||
| p | ES | p | ES | p | ES CON |
ES MDD |
|||||||||
| Lateral orbitofrontal cortex | |||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 2.80 | (0.15) | 2.74 | (0.11) | 2.72 | (0.14) | 2.73 | (0.12) | −0.36 | −0.27 | −0.50 | 0.04 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 2.65 | (0.14) | 2.58 | (0.12) | 2.59 | (0.16) | 2.55 | (0.12) | −0.40 | −0.45 | −0.57 | −0.29 | |||
| Medial orbitofrontal cortex | * | ||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 2.56 | (0.15) | 2.49 | (0.10) | 2.52 | (0.15) | 2.51 | (0.12) | −0.10 | −0.33 | −0.61 | −0.03 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 2.52 | (0.17) | 2.46 | (0.17) | 2.52 | (0.15) | 2.46 | (0.15) | −0.05 | −0.40 | −0.40 | −0.40 | |||
| Middle temporal gyrus | * | * | |||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 2.96 | (0.14) | 2.91 | (0.10) | 2.91 | (0.12) | 2.86 | (0.08) | −0.44 | −0.47 | −0.40 | −0.53 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 3.03 | (0.12) | 2.96 | (0.09) | 2.95 | (0.13) | 2.91 | (0.10) | −0.62 | −0.54 | −0.61 | −0.42 | |||
| Parahippocampal gyrus | |||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 2.92 | (0.31) | 2.88 | (0.31) | 2.92 | (0.33) | 2.78 | (0.29) | −0.16 | −0.30 | −0.14 | −0.45 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 2.90 | (0.22) | 2.86 | (0.20) | 2.90 | (0.34) | 2.78 | (0.19) | −0.19 | −0.32 | −0.16 | −0.43 | |||
| Caudal middle frontal gyrus | |||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 2.66 | (0.14) | 2.60 | (0.13) | 2.63 | (0.11) | 2.58 | (0.12) | −0.24 | −0.45 | −0.44 | −0.42 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 2.57 | (0.13) | 2.55 | (0.11) | 2.53 | (0.13) | 2.53 | (0.13) | −0.27 | −0.11 | −0.18 | 0.00 | |||
| Rostral middle frontal gyrus | |||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 2.50 | (0.15) | 2.48 | (0.12) | 2.48 | (0.13) | 2.45 | (0.10) | −0.19 | −0.22 | −0.16 | −0.27 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 2.39 | (0.13) | 2.34 | (0.12) | 2.35 | (0.10) | 2.31 | (0.09) | −0.36 | −0.44 | −0.46 | −0.37 | |||
| Superior frontal gyrus | * | ||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 2.78 | (0.12) | 2.73 | (0.09) | 2.75 | (0.13) | 2.69 | (0.10) | −0.30 | −0.49 | −0.41 | −0.52 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 2.68 | (0.13) | 2.65 | (0.10) | 2.65 | (0.09) | 2.59 | (0.10) | −0.43 | −0.47 | −0.32 | −0.62 | |||
| Entorhinal cortex | |||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 3.45 | (0.29) | 3.46 | (0.31) | 3.37 | (0.20) | 3.36 | (0.24) | −0.35 | −0.03 | 0.01 | −0.04 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 3.80 | (0.20) | 3.65 | (0.31) | 3.69 | (0.24) | 3.54 | (0.36) | −0.40 | −0.55 | −0.60 | −0.47 | |||
| Hippocampus (volume) | |||||||||||||||
| Left hemisphere | 4367.96 | (562.89) | 4354.48 | (357.29) | 4474.40 | (353.89) | 4165.28 | (358.99) | −0.12 | −0.37 | −0.03 | −0.87 | |||
| Right hemisphere | 4587.78 | (497.92) | 4517.60 | (366.98) | 4605.88 | (292.17) | 4322.74 | (446.98) | −0.24 | −0.43 | −0.16 | −0.74 | |||
Note. All values are means and standard deviations. p-values are based on GLMM main effects or interactions, not hemisphere-specific effects, where
*
< 0.05,
**
< 0.01,
***
< 0.001. Effect sizes (ES) are Cohen’s d. Means are not adjusted for gender or age effects, and hippocampus volume means are not adjusted for intracranial volumes
CON healthy controls, MJ marijuana users without lifetime MDD, MDD non-users with lifetime MDD, MDD+MJ MJ users with lifetime MDD