Table 3.

Indirect costs of vertigo

Type of burden	Resource use	In % for reported population	Costs [converted to 2016 USDa]
Work / employment
Per person	Within 3 months: lost work days 13.1 (Czech Republic), 26.7 (Germany), 13.2 (Hungary), 15.8 (Slovenia) (Benecke et al., 2013 [35]) Per year: lost work days 69 (BVD), 19 (UVD) (Sun et al., 2014 [44])		Per year: 12,542 [13,214] USD (cost of lost work days, BVD), 3345 [3524] USD (cost of lost work days, UVD) (Sun et al., 2014 [44])
Aggregated		41% (sick leave, vestibular vertigo), 15% (sick leave, non-vestibular vertigo) (Neuhauser et al., 2008 [40]) (Benecke et al., 2013 [35]) 23% (disability pension, female) and 24% (disability pension, male) (Skoien et al., 2008 [43]) 40% (interruption of daily activities, vestibular vertigo), 12% (interruption of daily activities, non-vestibular vertigo) (Neuhauser et al., 2008 [40])	Per year: 2.87 [4.26] million GBP (disability benefit, MD), 0.56 [0.83] million GBP (additional attendance allowance, MD), 442.70 [656.49] million GBP (loss of earnings, MD-related unemployment) (Tyrrell et al., 2016 [45])
Comorbidity
Per person	Per year: 19 (falls, BDV), 2 (falls, UVD) (Sun et al. 2014 [44])
Aggregated		28.3% (comorbid anxiety) (Wiltink et al., 2009 [46])	Per year: 0.32 [0.47] million GBP (depression treatment), 1.91 [2.83] million GBP (depression mortality), 33.9 [50.3] million GBP (pain and suffering, median willingness to pay), 101.48 [150.49] million GBP (pain and suffering, mean willingness to pay) (Tyrrell et al., 2016 [45])

BVD bilateral vestibular deficiency, GBP Great Britain pound, MD Meniere’s disease, USD United States dollar, UVD unilateral vestibular deficiency

^aCCEMG – EPPI-Centre Cost Converter (Shemilt et al. 2010 [30])