Table 2.
Neuropsychological scores in MCI patients and healthy controls.
| MCI ε4−/− (n = 55) | MCI ε4+/− (n = 31) | MCI ε4+/+ (n = 9) | CTRL (n = 49) | F-values | p-value | η2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| GENERAL AREASa | |||||||
| MMSE (mean ± SD) | 26.6 ± 2.56 | 26.8 ± 3.01 | 25.4 ± 1.27 | 29.3 ± 0.86 | 51.66 | < 0.001# | 0.33 |
| GDS (mean ± SD) | 3 ± 0 | 3 ± 0 | 3 ± 0 | 1.06 ± 0.31 | 100.56 | < 0.001# | 0.95 |
| FAQ (mean ± SD) | 2.09 ± 2.14 | 2.79 ± 3.28 | 4.4 ± 3.21 | 0.02 ± 0.014 | 11.18 | < 0.001# | 0.25 |
| MEMORY MEASURESb | |||||||
| Immediate recall (mean ± SD) | 15.6 ± 9.72 | 14.8 ± 9.13 | 12.1 ± 5.37 | 39.4 ± 8.22 | 50.4 | < 0.001# | 0.61 |
| Delayed recall (mean ± SD) | 6.71 ± 7.3 | 4.48 ± 7.01 | 1.86 ± 3.34 | 25 ± 7.17 | 52.6 | < 0.001# | 0.62 |
| Direct digit span (mean ± SD) | 6.65 ± 1.73 | 6.69 ± 2.32 | 6.71 ± 1.8 | 9.40 ± 3.03 | 6.57 | < 0.001# | 0.17 |
| Inverse digit span (mean ± SD) | 4.21 ± 1.47 | 4.28 ± 1.2 | 3.86 ± 1.57 | 5.98 ± 2.2 | 5.89 | < 0.001# | 0.15 |
| FRONTAL/EXECUTIVE MEASURESc | |||||||
| Rule shift card (mean ± SD) | 1.92 ± 1.34 | 2.19 ± 1.33 | 1.67 ± 1.21 | 3.21 ± 1.18 | 4.54 | < 0.005◦ | 0.25 |
| TMT-A (mean ± SD) | 86.6 ± 36 | 80.3 ± 41.7 | 101 ± 17 | 51.7 ± 20.1 | 6.54 | < 0.001#,+ | 0.17 |
| TMT-B (mean ± SD) | 235 ± 113 | 244 ± 117 | 333 ± 94.8 | 119 ± 58.8 | 13.08 | < 0.001#,§ | 0.29 |
| Phonemic Fluency (mean ± SD) | 15 ± 4.44 | 7.98 ± 4.3 | 9.09 ± 3.92 | 9.99 ± 4.54 | 15.9 | < 0.001# | 0.31 |
| VISUO-SPATIAL MEASURESd | |||||||
| VOSP (mean ± SD) | 6.58 ± 3.17 | 6.84 ± 3.35 | 6.86 ± 2.27 | 8.15 ± 3.9 | 0.89 | 0.512 | 0.027 |
| Clock drawing test copy (mean ± SD) | 6.91 ± 1.22 | 7.28 ± 2.29 | 6.40 ± 0.89 | 7.11 ± 1.22 | 1.34 | 0.262 | 0.041 |
| LANGUAGE MEASURESe | |||||||
| BNT (mean ± SD) | 43.5 ± 9.55 | 47.7 ± 11.7 | 47.3 ± 5.91 | 55 ± 6.3 | 10.8 | < 0.001# | 0.25 |
| Semantic Fluency (mean ± SD) | 11.5 ± 3.57 | 13.2 ± 3.86 | 12.4 ± 2.15 | 16.9 ± 3.9 | 9.98 | < 0.001# | 0.23 |
MANOVA: Wilk's lambda = 0.038; F = 91.4; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.89.
MANOVA: Wilk's lambda = 0.32; F = 15.8; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.31.
MANOVA: Wilk's lambda = 0.58; F = 5.76; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.18.
MANOVA: Wilk's lambda = 0.94; F = 1.25; p = 0.28; η2 = 0.025.
MANOVA: Wilk's lambda = 0.66; F = 10.3; p < 0.001; η2 = 0.26.
The significant differences in the Tuckey's post-hoc comparisons are reported below:
Significant differences in the post-hoc CTRL vs. MCI ϵ4–/–, CTRL vs. MCI ϵ4+/−, and CTRL vs. MCI ϵ4+/+ comparisons.
Significant differences in the post-hoc CTRL vs. MCI ϵ4–/– and CTRL vs. MCI ϵ4+/+ comparisons.
Significant differences in the post-hoc MCI ϵ4–/– vs. MCI ϵ4+/+.
Significant differences in the post-hoc MCI ϵ4–/– vs. MCI ϵ4+/+ and MCI ϵ4+/− vs. MCI ϵ4+/+ comparisons.
CTRL, controls; MCI, mild cognitive impairment; ϵ4–/–, APOEϵ4 non-carriers; ϵ4+/−, APOEϵ4 heterozygous carriers; ϵ4+/+, APOEϵ4 homozygous carriers; BNT, Boston Naming Test; FAQ, Functional assessment questionnaire; GDS, Global Deterioration Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; TMT-A, Trail Making Test part A; TMT-B, Trail Making Test part B; VOSP, Visual Object and Space Perception Test.