Figure 1:

Schematic illustrating the scope of cardiac multi-scale mathematical modeling techniques, spanning spatial and temporal scales. For example, pannel A shows tha molecular and Brownian dynamics simulations can be used to study thin filament action at the molecular scale [2]. Panel B shows that Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) technique can possibly integrate the molecular scale results to study the sarcomere protein interactions at the filament scale [3, 4]. Panel C shows that an organelle-cellular scale model can be then used to calculate contraction force [5]. Finally, this contraction force can be then integrated in an tissue-organ-scale FEM model to study growth and remodeling in hypertrophic cardiomyopathies [6].