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. 2019 Dec 9;130(1):438–450. doi: 10.1172/JCI130976

Figure 4. Dysregulation of BA synthesis and excretion in mice with manipulation of Clostridium species.

Figure 4

(A) Manipulation of Clostridium species in conventional mice (n = 5–6/group) through introduction of C. scindens strain (C. s) or administration of vancomycin (0.1 mg/mL). (B) The GI transit time and fecal water contents of Clostridium-treated mice. (C) Relative levels of the fecal Clostridial bacteria (C. XIVa) and C. scindens measured by qPCR analysis. (D and E) The levels of total fecal BAs and serum C4. (F) The BA profile in the mouse liver. (G) Relative gene expression of BA synthetic regulators in the hepatic and ileal tissues. Differential BA-related phenotypes, bacteria, and genes are shown as mean ± SEM. BA metabolites are expressed with 5th–95th percentile values. Statistical significance was determined with the Kruskal-Wallis test. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01 compared with the control group; #P < 0.05, ##P < 0.01 compared with the C. scindens group. CTR, control.