Fig 3.

Validation of the acoustic steaming effect on the lysis performance using (a) HeLa cells and (b) Jurkat cells. When using the control device, where no sharp-edged structure is constructed in the channel, most of the cells are intact and cellular debris is barely observed, regardless of the activation of the control device and the cell types. By contrast, when using the sharp-edged acoustofluidic device, where a number of sharp-edged structures are present in the channel, only negligible amount of cells are intact and cellular debris are clearly seen when the acoustofluidic device is activated, thus proving that the utilization of the sharp-edged structures and resulting acoustic streaming is essential for acoustofluidic cell lysis. Scale bars: 100 μm.