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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20186. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56608-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Model Behavior: Cholinergic Modulation Cause a Sharpening of Neural Tuning Curves. The network architecture consists of a recurrent network in which neurons receive feedforward input from the LGN and lateral input with excitation and inhibition (Mexican hat profile). Periodic boundary conditions (not shown) ensured a ring topology of the network. Tuning curve properties for the different concentration of ACh: Individual neuron tuning curves before and after applying ACh. The tuning curves are shown for neurons with a preferred orientation of zero after applying ACh.