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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20186. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56608-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Cholinergic Modulation Reduces Spike-Triggered Average LFP Response and Spike-Field Gamma Coherence. To measure the synchronization between spikes and the local field potential (LFP), the spike-triggered average (STA) and its power spectrum are used: (A) ACh reduced the STA LFP response (compare green line versus yellow and dashed purple lines). (B) Power spectrum calculated from the STA LFP response in top. ACh strongly reduced the STA LFP power across most frequencies shown; this was most pronounced in the gamma frequency band. (C) ACh resulted in lower SFC (green and yellow lines) compared with that resulting from No-ACh condition (dashed purple line) at 0 degree orientation preference. Shaded areas, SEM. (D) ACh strongly decreased SFC in the gamma range. Applying low level of ACh (E) and applying high level of ACh (F) resulted in lower SFC compared with that resulting from control condition (D). Color bar indicates coherence values.