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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20186. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56608-3

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Interaction of Acetylcholine Application Relative to Visual Stimulation and with Different Onset Times and Duration of Administration on STA LFP Frequency Spectra. (A) Before cholinergic modulation power at high frequencies is clearly modulated by spiking activity whereas pairing of cholinergic modulation with visual stimulation, caused a significant decrease in gamma frequency power. Visual stimulation lasted 800 ms, shown on the abscissa. (B) as (A), ACh was applied in the absence of visual stimuli which leads to gamma oscillations reduction. (C) The difference between time frequency power spectra STA LFP, when ACh was applied in the presence and absence of visual stimuli. (D) Effects of ACh with different onset application times with respect to different duration of administration on the percent of tuning curve sharpening compared to the baseline and (E) the gamma frequency power.