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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20034. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56675-6

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Neferine induces autophagic cell death in apoptosis-resistant HCT 116, MCF-7 or SGC-7901 cancer cells via activation of ryanodine receptor. (A) Cytotoxicity (IC₅₀) of neferine and different chemotherapeutic agents towards the HCT-116 p53^+/+ WT and apoptotic-resistant HCT-116 p53^−/− cell lines and drug resistance analysis (resistant factor) of the two cell lines. (B,C) Calcium chelator (BAPTA/AM, BM) and ryanodine receptor inhibitor, Ryr suppressed the neferine-induced LC3-II conversion and GFP-LC3 puncta formation in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. The full-length blots/gels are presented in Supplementary Fig. S14. HCT-116 p53-deficient cancer cells were treated with DMSO (Ctrl), or 25 μM of neferine with or without 10 μM of calcium chelator (BAPTA/AM, BM) or 25 μM of Ryr for 24 h. Cell lysates were analyzed by western blot for LC3-II conversion (LC3-I, 18 kDa; LC3-II, 16 kDa). For immunofluorescence imaging, the drug treated HeLa cells with transiently transfection of the EGFP-LC3 were then fixed for fluorescence imaging and cells counting. Bar chart represents the quantitation of autophagic cells. (D) Blockage of autophagy by Ryr diminished the neferine-mediated cell death in apoptosis-resistant cancer cells. HCT-116 p53-deficient cancer cells were treated with DMSO (Crtl) or neferine (50 μM) with or without Ryr (25 μM) for 24 h. The percentage of cell death was then assayed by annexin V staining for flow cytometry analysis. (E) Cytotoxicity (IC₅₀) of taxol, doxorubicin, and cisplatin towards the drug-sensitive and –resistant MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines as compared with neferine treatment and drug resistance analysis (resistant factor) of the two cell lines.