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. 2019 Dec 27;9:19955. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56248-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Metabolic activity measurements of bioluminescent Escherichia coli Xen14 treated with sanitizers added to wastewater effluent. Bacteria were treated with electrolyzed oxidizing water (EOW), sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) or chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) prepared at 0, 1, 5, 20 and 50 mg/L free chlorine in the presence of either tertiary (3°)-treated effluent water (containing 5.6 mg/L dissolved organic carbon [DOC]) or secondary (2°)-treated effluent water (containing 19.2 mg/L DOC) for 120 s. Untreated bacteria resuspended in sterile water, 3°-treated or 2°-treated water were used as controls. Aliquots of treated samples were added to 200 µL sterile Luria Bertani broth and then incubated at 37 °C in a Cytation 5 Cell Imaging Multi-Mode Reader. Total luminescent signals (relative light units) were collected over a 40 h incubation period. Figures were generated using Prism v8 (GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA).