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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56658-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Illustration of the ultrasound image-guided boiling histotripsy (BH) approach. BH ablation treatments were performed using a custom-built 1.5 MHz HIFU transducer (12 sector elements, integrated with an ultrasound imaging probe in its central opening) for targeting and treatment guidance. Animals were sonicated in supine (liver) or lateral position (kidney, as shown). For acoustic coupling to the skin, the HIFU transducer was immersed in a water container with acoustically transparent window positioned over the animal. Volumetric BH lesions were produced by raster-scanning the transducer focus in three dimensions across the targeted area while delivering a specified treatment protocol at each focal spot (see inset).