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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20176. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56658-7

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Acoustic pressure levels at the focus used in the experiment. (A) Peak pressures and shock amplitude provided by HIFU array transducer at the focus in water (symbols) and derated into tissue (dashed lines) versus peak output acoustic power. Tissue attenuation was considered as 1.7 dB/cm, depth in tissue 3 cm. (B) Representative derated acoustic pressure waveforms used in experiments aimed at BH treatment acceleration; increasing peak acoustic output power was used for exposures with pulse durations of 10, 5, 2, and 1 ms. Lower and upper boundaries of the shock front are indicated by arrows; with increasing output power, the shock amplitude changed relatively to peak pressures from being nearly equal to peak positive pressure to being close to peak to peak pressure. Duty cycle was kept constant and equal to 1% in all exposures.