Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of long-term care institution residents according to mental, physical and combined vitality definitions
| Total n = 541 | Mental Vitality’ | p | Physical Vitality” | p | Combined Vitality’” | p | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| High vitality n = 204 | Low vitality n =337 | High vitality n = 139 | Low vitality n = 402 | High vitality n = 52 | Low vitality n = 489 | |||||
| Age | 88 [83–91] | 87 [82–91] | 88 [83–91] | 0.05 | 86 [81–90] | 88 [83–92] | <0.001 | 86 [82–88.5] | 88 [83–91] | 0.009 |
| Sex, female (%) | 390 (72.0) | 139 (68.1) | 251 (74.4) | 0.1 | 101 (72.6) | 289 (71.8) | 0.8 | 40 (76.9) | 350 (71.5) | 0.4 |
| Duration of Institutionalization (years) | 2.0 [0.8–4.5] | 2.3 [0.9–5.6] | 1.9 [0.7–4.0] | 0.02 | 2.1 [0.7–4.9] | 2.0 [0.8–4.4] | 0.7 | 2.0 [0.6–5.6] | 2.1 [0.8–4.4] | 0.9 |
| GDS score (/10)* | 2 [1–4] | 1 [0–1] | 4 [2–5] | <0.001 | 2 [1–4] | 2 [1–5] | 0.7 | 1 [0–2] | 2 [1–5] | <0.001 |
| ADL score (/6)° | 3 [1–4] | 3 [2–5] | 2 [1–4] | <0.001 | 3 [2–5] | 2 [1–4] | <0.001 | 4 [2.5–5] | 3 [1–4] | 0.002 |
| IADL score (/4)† | 1 [0–1] | 1 [0–1] | 1 [0–1] | 0.007 | 1 [1–1] | 1 [0–1] | <0.001 | 1 [0.5–1] | 1 [0–1] | 0.002 |
| BMI (kg/m2)*** | 25.3 [22.1–28.5] | 25.4 [21.9–28.8] | 25.2 [22.2–28.5] | 0.9 | 25.9 [23.5–29.3] | 25.1 [21.7–28.3] | 0.04 | 25.1 [22.0–29.0] | 25.3 [22.1–28.5] | 0.8 |
| Pain evaluation (Visuo-Analogic Scale) (/100) | 51 [32–91] | 81 [50–100] | 50 [22–88] | <0.001 | 52 [40–90] | 51 [29–92] | 0.8 | 65 [50–96] | 51 [30–90] | 0.1 |
| SPPB (/12)‡ | 2 [1–4] | 3 [1–5] | 1 [0–4] | 0.002 | 3 [1–6] | 1 [0–4] | <0.001 | 3 [1–6] | 2 [0–4] | 0.003 |
| MNA (714) ¥ | 11 [9–12] | 11 [10–12] | 10 [9–12] | <0.001 | 11 [10–12] | 10 [9–12] | <0.001 | 11 [10–12] | 11 [9–12] | 0.006 |
| CCI+ (/24) | 6 [4–7] | 5 [4–7] | 6 [5–7] | 0.1 | 6 [4–7] | 6 [5–7] | 0.6 | 6 [4–7] | 6 [5–7] | 0.7 |
| AMTS (/10)• | 7 [5–9] | 7 [4.5–9] | 8 [5–9] | 0.1 | 8 [6–10] | 7 [4–9] | <0.001 | 8 [6–10] | 7 [5–9] | 0.1 |
| Comorbidities n (%) | ||||||||||
| Heart failure | 163 (30.3) | 52 (25.7) | 111 (33.0) | 0.04 | 40 (28.7) | 123 (30.8) | 0.6 | 13 (25.0) | 150 (30.8) | 0.6 |
| Hypertension | 335 (62.0) | 123 (60.5) | 212 (62.9) | 0.6 | 82 (58.9) | 253 (63.0) | 0.4 | 26 (50.0) | 309 (63.3) | 0.6 |
| Diabetes Mellitus | 85 (15.7) | 30 (14.7) | 55 (16.3) | 0.6 | 25 (18.0) | 60 (15.0) | 0.4 | 8 (15.3) | 77 (15.8) | 0.9 |
| Respiratory insufficiency | 30 (5.5) | 9 (4.4) | 21 (6.2) | 0.3 | 7 (5.0) | 23 (5.7) | 0.7 | 3 (5.7) | 27 (5.5) | 0.9 |
| Respiratory insufficiency requiring O2 | 12 (2.2) | 2 (1.0) | 10 (2.9) | 0.1 | 2 (1.4) | 10 (2.5) | 0.4 | 0 (0) | 12 (2.4) | 0.2 |
| Peripheral Artery Disease | 18 (3.3) | 5 (2.4) | 13 (3.9) | 0.3 | 4 (2.9) | 14 (3.5) | 0.7 | 1 (1.9) | 17 (3.5) | 0.5 |
| Hypothyroidism | 67 (12.4) | 20 (9.9) | 47 (13.9) | 0.1 | 15 (10.7) | 52 (13.0) | 0.1 | 6 (11.5) | 61 (12.5) | 0.009 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 10 (1.8) | 1 (0.4) | 9 (2.6) | 0.03 | 3 (2.1) | 7 (1.7) | 0.7 | 0 (0) | 10 (2.0) | |
| Moderate/ severe CKD ii | 141 (26.2) | 53 (26.2) | 88 (26.1) | 0.7 | 40 (28.7) | 101 (25.3) | 0.1 | 17 (32.6) | 124 (25.5) | 0.5 |
| Alzheimer’s Disease | 133 (24.8) | 63 (31.3) | 70 (20.9) | 0.02 | 28 (20.1) | 105 (26.5) | 0.08 | 11 (21.1) | 122 (25.2) | 0.5 |
| Depression€ | 197 (36.6) | 69 (33.9) | 128 (38.2) | 0.3 | 48 (34.5) | 149 (37.3) | 0.5 | 17 (32.6) | 180 (37.0) | 0.5 |
| Chronic pain | 228 (42.3) | 66 (32.5) | 162 (48.3) | 0.001 | 46 (33.0) | 182 (45.6) | 0.02 | 12 (23.0) | 216 (44.4) | 0.01 |
‘Mental Vitality defined as a Score of 0, “Physical Vitality defined as HGS≥23Kg in male and ≥13.5 Kg in female, “‘Combined Vitality defined as presenting both mental and physical vitality, *GDS; Geriatric Depression Scale, °ADL; Activity of Daily Living, †IADL; Instrumental Activity if Daily Living, ***BMI; Body Mass Index, **Visuo-analogic scale (score 0–100; a score of 100 means no pain, a score of 0 means extreme pain), ‡SPPB; Short Physical Performance Battery, ¥MNA; Mini Nutritional Assessment test, +CCI; Charlson Comorbidity Index,•AMTS; Abbreviated Mental Test Score, € Depression diagnosed by the physician, iiCKD; chronic Kidney Disease