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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20063. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56541-5

Table 4.

Energy and macronutrient intakes at different times of day divided by breakfast consumption status.

Energy (kJ) Breakfast                          No BF CHO (g) Breakfast                    No BF Fat (g) Breakfast                No BF Protein (g) Breakfast              No BF Alcohol (g) Breakfast                No BF
00:00–04:59 75 ± 10 312 ± 107b 2.7 ± 0.4 7.1 ± 2.2b 0.5 ± 0.1 3.5 ± 1.5b 0.6 ± 0.1 2.8 ± 1.1b 0 0.32 ± 0.32c
05:00–09:59 1389 ± 24 0c 42.2 ± 0.8 0c 11.4 ± 0.3 0c 13.5 ± 0.3 0c 0.01 ± 0.01 0
10:00–14:00 2295 ± 39 2292 ± 189 56.3 ± 1.1 55.7 ± 4.7 23.5 ± 0.6 23.3 ± 2.4 24.7 ± 0.5 25.4 ± 2.8 0.17 ± 0.05 0.45 ± 0.32
14:01–16:59 1051 ± 39 1566 ± 175b 26.3 ± 1.0 42.4 ± 5.0b 10.5 ± 0.5 14.8 ± 2.0a 10.7 ± 0.5 16.2 ± 2.1b 0.56 ± 0.14 0.01 ± 0.01
17:00–23:59 3147 ± 57 4216 ± 295c 74.8 ± 1.4 95.4 ± 7.8a 31.5 ± 0.7 44.1 ± 3.9b 30.8 ± 0.7 38.4 ± 3.4 4.77 ± 0.47 8.30 ± 2.35
24 hours 7957 ± 81 8386 ± 337 202.3 ± 2.5 201.5 ± 10.4 77.4 ± 1.1 85.6 ± 4.7 80.2 ± 1.0 82.8 ± 4.5 5.51 ± 0.51 9.08 ± 2.37

CHO, carbohydrate; BF, breakfast.

ap < 0.05, bp < 0.01, cp < 0.001.