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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20152. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56817-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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LKU4 increases lactate levels in HFD-fed mice and 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (A) Lactate concentrations were measured in plasma from each group of mice (left) and in the media (bacterial culture medium; con and LKU4-CM) (right). HFD vs HFD-LKU4; ***P < 0.001, con vs LKU-CM; **P < 0.005 (B) RT-qPCR analysis of Smct mRNA levels in the intestine and Mct1 and Mct4 mRNA levels in the iWAT from each group of mice. HFD vs HFD-LKU4; **P < 0.005 (C and D) Day 8 3T3-L1 adipocytes were incubated with control bacterial culture medium (con), LKU4-CM, or 5 mM lactate for 36 h and the mRNA (C) and protein levels (D) of genes involved in adipocyte browning were analyzed by RT-qPCR and immunoblotting (Cropped blots were used), respectively. con vs LKU4-CM or Lactate; **P < 0.005.