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. 2019 Dec 27;9:20129. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-56582-w

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© The Author(s) 2019

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Impairment of hippocampal ripples and enhanced expression of cortical ripples during SWS in APP-PS1 mice. (a1-4). CA1 ripples in APP-PS1 group expressed lower occurrence rate (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 17.23, P = 0.000, Friedman’s test), frequency (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 4.39, P = 0.038, Friedman’s test) and power (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 7.35, P = 0.007, Friedman’s test) than controls whereas ripple duration remained similar in both groups (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 1.84, P = 0.17, Friedman’s test). Post-learning increase of ripple occurrence rate (WT: N = 7, P = 0.005, Wilcoxon rank-sum; APP/PS1: N = 7, P = 0.106, Wilcoxon rank-sum) and oscillation frequency (WT: N = 7, P = 0.014, Wilcoxon rank-sum; APP/PS1: N = 7, P = 0.91, Wilcoxon rank-sum) was significant only in control animals. (b1-4,c1-4). Cortical ripple occurrence rate was significantly higher in APP/PS1 than control mice in PFC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 6.86, P = 0.009, Friedman’s test) and ACC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 9,44, P = 0.002, Friedman’s test). Post-learning increase of ripple occurrence was expressed in controls, both in PFC (N = 7, P = 0.011, Wilcoxon rank-sum) and ACC (N = 7, P = 0.002, Wilcoxon rank-sum) as well as in APP/PS1 animals in PFC (N = 7, P = 0.038, Wilcoxon rank-sum). APP/PS1 mice expressed lower ripple frequency in PFC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 6.86, P = 0.009, Friedman’s test) and shorter ripple duration in ACC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 5.10, P = 0.024, Friedman’s test). No significant differences between groups were found in ripple frequency in ACC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 0.008, P = 0.93, Friedman’s test), ripple power in ACC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 0.008, P = 0.93, Friedman’s test) and PFC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 1.38, P = 0.24, Friedman’s test) and ripple duration in PFC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 1.6, P = 0.206, Friedman’s test). (d1-4,e1-4). Cortical ripples occurred more frequently in APP/PS1 animals, both in PCC (APP/PS1: N = 6, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 16.61, P = 0.000, Friedman’s test) and RSC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 10.58, P = 0.001, Freedman test). PCC ripples were expressed with a higher power in APP/PS1 group (APP/PS1: N = 6, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 5.12, P = 0.023, Friedman’s test). However, duration of cortical ripples was shorter in APP/PS1 animals both in PCC (APP/PS1: N = 6, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 15.70, P = 0.000, Friedman’s test) and RSC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 16.53, P = 0.000, Friedman’s test). No significant differences between groups were found in oscillation frequency in PCC (APP/PS1: N = 6, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 0.11, P = 0.73, Friedman’s test) and RSC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 0.13, P = 0.72, Friedman’s test), as well as in ripple power in RSC (APP/PS1: N = 7, WT: N = 7, chi-sq = 0.20, P = 0.65, Friedman’s test). No learning-dependent changes were found in PCC and RSC ripple properties. All box plot represent mean values before (dark) and after (light) learning, vertical bars represent standard errors.